African Factbook

​The Knelstrom Factbook: Africa is your definitive source for up-to-date statistical data and key insights on all 54 African nations. This factbook presents a detailed breakdown of each country’s demographics, economy, governance, infrastructure, military,
Algeria
​Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is the largest country in Africa, spanning 2,381,741 square kilometres. It is situated in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Tunisia and Libya to the east, Niger to the southeast, Mali and Mauritania to the southwest, Western Sahara to the west, and Morocco to the northwest. As of 2024, Algeria's population is estimated at approximately 46.8 million, with a majority residing along the northern coastal region. The official languages are Arabic and Tamazight (Berber), reflecting the country's Arab and Berber heritage. Sunni Islam is the predominant religion, practised by over 99% of the population. Algiers, the capital city, serves as the political, economic, and cultural hub. Algeria is a semi-presidential republic, with President Abdelmadjid Tebboune re-elected for a second term in 2024. The nation possesses significant natural resources, particularly petroleum and natural gas, which are central to its economy.

History

A succession of diverse civilizations and influences marks Algeria's history. Inhabited since prehistoric times, it has seen the presence of Phoenicians, Numidians, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantine Greeks. The Arab Muslim conquests of the 7th century introduced Islam and led to the Arabization of the indigenous Berber populations. Subsequent centuries witnessed the rise and fall of various Islamic dynasties. In 1516, the Regency of Algiers was established under the Ottoman Empire, maintaining significant autonomy. French colonial rule began in 1830, leading to extensive European settlement and significant socio-political changes. The struggle for independence culminated in the Algerian War (1954–1962), resulting in independence in 1962. Post-independence, Algeria faced challenges, including a bloody civil war from 1991 to 2002.

Geography

  • Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia.
  • Coordinates: 28°00′N latitude, 3°00′E longitude.
  • Area: 2,381,741 km² (919,595 sq mi), making it the 10th largest country globally.
  • Land Boundaries: Total: 6,343 km, sharing borders with Tunisia (965 km), Libya (982 km), Niger (956 km), Mali (1,376 km), Mauritania (463 km), Western Sahara (42 km), and Morocco (1,559 km).
  • Coastline: Approximately 998 km along the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Topography: The northern region features the Tell Atlas mountain range and coastal plains, the central region consists of high plateaus, and the southern region encompasses a significant portion of the Sahara Desert.
  • Elevation Extremes: Lowest point: Chott Melrhir at -40 m; highest point: Mount Tahat at 3,003 m.
  • Climate: Mediterranean in the north with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers; arid to semi-arid in the interior and south.

People and Society

  • Population: Estimated at 46,814,258 as of 2024.
  • Age Structure: Approximately 28.1% under the age of 15.
  • Urbanization: About 75% of the population resides in urban areas.
  • Ethnic Groups: Arabs constitute approximately 73.6% of the population; Berbers comprise about 23.2%; Arabized Berbers account for 3%; others comprise 0.2%.
  • Languages: Official languages are Arabic and Tamazight (Berber); French is widely used in media, education, and specific administrative contexts, though it has no official status.
  • Religion: Sunni Islam is practised by over 99% of the population.
  • Education: Education is free and compulsory up to the age of 16. As of 2022, almost 11 million pupils and 2 million students were enrolled in educational institutions.

Environment

  • Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc.
  • Land Use: Arable land: 3.17%; permanent crops: 0.25%; other: 96.58% (2018 est.).
  • Environmental Issues: Soil erosion, desertification, pollution from oil refining and industrial effluents, and inadequate potable water supplies.
  • Protected Areas: Algeria has several national parks and nature reserves, including Ahaggar, Belezma, Chrea, Djurdjura, El Kala, Gouraya, Tassili n'Ajjer, Taza, and Theniet El Had.

Military and Security Alliances

  • Defense Budget: Estimated at 6% of GDP.
  • Major Military Partners: Russia is Algeria's primary arms supplier, with additional imports from China, Germany, and Italy.
  • Regional Security Alliances: Algeria participates in the African Union Peace and Security Council and cooperates with neighbouring countries on counterterrorism.

Economic Organizations

  • Member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
  • Member of the African Union (AU) and Arab Maghreb Union (UMA).
  • Engaged in economic agreements with the European Union (EU).

Regional Political Unions

  • Active in the Arab League.
  • Participates in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

Energy and Resource Organizations

  • A major exporter within OPEC.
  • Engaged in the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF).

Specialized International Organizations

  • Member of UNESCO, WHO, WTO (observer status), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Religious and Cultural Groups

  • Strong ties to the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
  • Preserves indigenous Berber cultural heritage.

Philanthropic Foundations

  • Engaged with the Red Crescent Society and various local humanitarian initiatives.

Human Rights Advocacy Groups

  • Monitored by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.
  • Domestic organizations include the National Human Rights Council (CNDH).

Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations

  • Algeria's government enforces anti-corruption measures through the National Body for the Prevention and Fight Against Corruption (ONPLC).

Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups

  • Presence of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and ISIS-affiliated groups in remote areas.
  • The government conducts counterterrorism operations in the Sahara region.

Crime Statistics
​
  • Violent Crime: Moderate levels; concentrated in urban areas.
  • Organized Crime: Smuggling, drug trafficking, and arms trade in border regions.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing cases of online fraud and digital crimes.
  • Human Trafficking: Cases reported, particularly affecting migrants.
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a Southern African nation with a coastline along the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Namibia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. The country has a diverse geography, ranging from tropical rainforests in the north to arid deserts in the south. Luanda, the capital and largest city, is a significant economic and cultural hub. Angola is rich in natural resources, particularly oil and diamonds, which form the backbone of its economy. Following a long colonial history under Portugal, Angola gained independence in 1975 but was immediately engulfed in a brutal civil war that lasted until 2002. Since then, the country has experienced significant economic growth, but challenges such as poverty, infrastructure deficits, and governance issues persist.

History

Angola has been inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous ethnic groups, including the Khoisan and Bantu peoples. By the 14th century, the Kingdom of Kongo and other local states controlled large parts of the region. Portuguese explorers arrived in 1482, and by 1575, Portugal had established a colony centred around Luanda. For centuries, Angola was a significant source of enslaved Africans during the transatlantic slave trade.

Angola gained independence from Portugal on November 11, 1975. However, the country quickly descended into a devastating civil war, fought between the Marxist-aligned Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the anti-communist National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), along with other factions. The war lasted until 2002 when UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi was killed. The MPLA has remained in power since independence, and the country has focused on post-war reconstruction and economic expansion, primarily driven by oil exports.

Geography
  • Location: Southern Africa, bordering Namibia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Coordinates: 4°22′S to 18°02′S latitude, 11°41′E to 24°05′E longitude.
  • Total Area: 1,246,700 square kilometres (7th largest in Africa).
  • Major Landforms: Narrow coastal plain, interior highlands, vast savannas, and rainforests.
  • Highest Point: Mount Moco (2,620 meters).
  • Climate: Tropical in the north, temperate in the highlands, arid in the south.
  • Major Rivers: Cuanza, Cunene, Zambezi, and Okavango.
  • Natural Resources: Oil, diamonds, iron ore, copper, gold, phosphates, uranium, and fertile agricultural land.

People and Society
  • Population: ~33 million (2024 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Ovimbundu (37%), Kimbundu (25%), Bakongo (13%), and other indigenous groups.
    • Languages:Official: Portuguese
    • Indigenous languages: Umbundu, Kimbundu, Kikongo, Chokwe
    • Religion: Christianity (~80%) – Roman Catholicism (~41%), Protestantism (~38%)
    • Indigenous beliefs (~10%)
    • Other (~10%)
  • Urbanization: ~62% of the population lives in cities, with Luanda being the largest.
  • Life Expectancy: ~61 years (2024 estimate).

Environment
  • Ecoregions: Tropical rainforests (north), savanna (central), desert (south).
    • Major Environmental Issues: Deforestation
    • Desertification in the south
    • Water pollution
    • Wildlife poaching
  • Protected Areas: 13 national parks, including Kissama National Park and Iona National Park.

Military and Security Alliances
  • Angolan Armed Forces (FAA): Consists of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • Military Expenditure: ~1.8% of GDP (2024).
    • Regional Alliances: African Union (AU) – peacekeeping missions
    • Southern African Development Community (SADC) – regional security
    • Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) – defence cooperation with Portugal and Brazil
    • United Nations (UN) – participates in international peacekeeping

Economic Organizations
    • Member of: OPEC (since 2006) – major oil-exporting country
    • World Trade Organization (WTO) – trade negotiations
    • African Development Bank (AfDB) – economic development
    • IMF & World Bank – financial aid & structural reforms

Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU) – political and economic cooperation.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC) – regional trade & development.
  • Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) – regional economic cooperation.

Energy and Resource Organizations
  • OPEC: Angola is one of Africa’s largest oil producers.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA): Engages in energy policy.
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Monitors nuclear energy developments.

Specialized International Organizations
  • World Health Organization (WHO): Public health programs.
  • UNESCO: Promotes education and culture.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Global trade participation.

Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Christian Council of Angola – Represents various Christian denominations.
  • Alliance of Evangelical Churches in Angola – Evangelical community representation.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Sites: M’banza Kongo, a historical capital of the Kingdom of Kongo.

Philanthropic Foundations
  • Fundação Eduardo dos Santos (FESA): Social and educational projects.
  • Lwini Foundation: Supports disabled people and war victims.

Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Mãos Livres: Legal assistance and human rights advocacy.
  • OMUNGA: Focuses on freedom of expression and press rights.

Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Transparency International: Reports on Angola’s corruption index.
  • National Anti-Corruption Strategy (ENAC): Government’s plan to combat corruption.

Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
    • Cabinda Separatist Movements: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) – calls for independence.
    • Low-level insurgency in Cabinda Province.

Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: High levels of armed robbery and homicides, particularly in Luanda.
  • Organized Crime: Presence of smuggling networks, drug trafficking, and human trafficking.
  • Cybercrime: Increasingly common, particularly in financial fraud.
  • Drug-Related Offenses: Angola is a transit country for drug shipments.
  • Human Trafficking: Classified as a Tier 2 country for trafficking concerns by the U.S. State Department.
  • ​
ConclusionAngola is a resource-rich country with a complex history. It emerged from decades of war into an era of economic growth. Despite its vast oil wealth, challenges such as corruption, poverty, and crime remain significant. The country plays an important role in regional and global economic organizations while balancing its internal development challenges.
Benin
​Benin is a West African nation bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers approximately 112,622 square kilometres and has a population of about 13 million. The official capital is Porto-Novo, while Cotonou serves as the economic and administrative hub. Benin has a tropical climate and a diverse landscape of coastal plains, savannahs, and plateaus. The economy is primarily agriculture-based, with cotton being the primary export. Politically, Benin transitioned from a Marxist-Leninist state in the late 20th century to a multi-party democracy. The country is known as the birthplace of Vodun (Voodoo), a religion still widely practised today.

History

The region was historically dominated by the Kingdom of Dahomey, established in the 17th century. It was known for its strong military and participation in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. In 1894, Dahomey became a French colony, later gaining independence on August 1, 1960. Benin experienced political instability, with multiple coups, until 1991, when it became a democracy. Since then, Benin has enjoyed relative political stability, economic reforms, and peaceful power transitions.

Geography
  • Location: West Africa, between latitudes 6°30'N - 12°30'N and longitudes 1°E - 3°40'E.
  • Area: 112,622 sq km.
  • Borders: Togo (651 km), Nigeria (809 km), Burkina Faso (386 km), and Niger (277 km).
  • Coastline: 121 km along the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Terrain: Coastal plains in the south, plateaus in the centre, and mountains in the northwest (highest point: Mont Sokbaro, 658 m).
  • Climate: Tropical; two rainy seasons (April-July & Sept-Nov) and two dry seasons (Dec-Apr & July-Sept).

People and Society
  • Population: 13 million (2021 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Fon (39.2%), Adja (15.2%), Yoruba (12.3%), Bariba (9.2%), Fula (7%), and others.
  • Languages: French (official); Fon, Yoruba, Bariba, Dendi, and other local languages widely spoken.
  • Religions: Christianity (52%), Islam (28%), Vodun (11%), and other beliefs (9%).
  • Urbanization: 47.3% of the population lives in urban areas.

Government and Politics
  • Government Type: Presidential Republic.
  • Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (administrative and economic centre).
  • President: Patrice Talon (since 2016).
  • Legislative Body: National Assembly (83 members).
  • Judicial System: Based on French civil law, the Constitutional Court is the highest judicial authority.
  • Political Stability: Benin is one of West Africa's most stable democracies.

Economy
  • GDP (nominal): $18.43 billion (2023 estimate).
  • GDP per capita: $1,300 (2023 estimate).
    • Significant Sectors:Agriculture: Cotton, maize, cassava, yams, palm oil.
    • Industry: Textiles, food processing, cement, construction materials.
    • Services: Trade, transportation, banking, telecommunications.
  • Main Exports: Cotton (40%), cashew nuts, textiles, palm oil, and petroleum.
  • Main Trading Partners: Nigeria, China, India, France, Togo.
  • Currency: West African CFA franc (XOF).
  • Poverty Rate: 38.5% live below the national poverty line.

Infrastructure
  • Road Network: 16,000 km, but only 10% paved.
  • Railways: 438 km (mainly for freight).
  • Airports: 1 major international airport (Cotonou Cadjehoun Airport).
  • Ports: The Port of Cotonou is the main commercial port.
  • Energy Production: Relies on imports from Nigeria; renewable energy projects are growing.

Military and Security
    • Branches: Benin Armed Forces (FAB)
    • Army, Navy, and Air Force
  • Military Expenditure: 1.1% of GDP (2023).
  • Security Concerns: Increasing terrorist activity in northern regions linked to Sahel insurgencies.

Crime and Security
    • Common Crimes: Petty theft in urban areas.
    • Cybercrime (scams, fraud).
    • Drug trafficking (a transit point for narcotics).
    • Human trafficking (child labour and forced migration issues).
  • Terrorist Threats: Northern Benin faces sporadic attacks from extremist groups linked to Al-Qaeda and ISIS affiliates.

International and Regional Organizations
    • Economic Organizations: Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
    • West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)
    • World Trade Organization (WTO)
    • Political Unions: African Union (AU)
    • Council of the Entente
    • Security Alliances: Interpol
    • International Criminal Court (ICC)
    • Energy and Resource Groups: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
    • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

Culture and Society
  • Traditional Beliefs: Benin is the birthplace of Vodun (Voodoo).
  • Festivals: Annual Voodoo Festival in Ouidah, Gelede Festival, and Ganvié Boat Festival.
  • Music & Dance: Influenced by Afrobeat, Highlife, and traditional drumming.
  • Cuisine: Staple foods include maize, yams, rice, and fish, with popular dishes like Pâte (corn-based dish) and Akassa (fermented corn paste).
  • Sports: Football (soccer) is the most popular sport.

Human Rights and Social Issues
  • Press Freedom: Considered relatively free, but there are some concerns over recent media restrictions.
  • Gender Equality: Women's participation in politics is low; efforts are ongoing for education and employment reforms.
  • LGBTQ Rights: Homosexuality is not criminalized, but social stigma remains high.
  • Human Trafficking: Benin is a source and transit country for forced labour and child trafficking.

Key Challenges and Future Outlook
  • Security: Rising terrorist threats in the north require stronger border security.
  • Economic Growth: Diversification beyond agriculture is needed to reduce dependency on cotton exports.
  • Infrastructure: Poor roads and unreliable electricity hinder industrial growth.
  • Environmental Issues: Deforestation and coastal erosion pose threats to ecosystems and livelihoods.
  • ​
Despite these challenges, Benin's political stability, improving infrastructure, and economic partnerships provide a foundation for future development.
Botswana
Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered by Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. Covering approximately 581,730 square kilometres, it is characterized by flat terrains, with up to 70% of its landmass occupied by the Kalahari Desert. With a population of about 2.4 million, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries globally. Since gaining independence from Britain in 1966, it has maintained a stable democracy and is renowned for its substantial diamond reserves, significantly contributing to its economic growth.
History
The region now known as Botswana has been inhabited by humans for thousands of years, with evidence of early human settlements dating back over 400,000 years. The Tswana ethnic group, primarily Bantu-speaking peoples, migrated into the area before 600 AD. In 1885, facing external pressures, local leaders sought British protection, leading to the establishment of the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Botswana peacefully gained independence on September 30, 1966, and has since been celebrated for its democratic governance and prudent economic management, particularly in leveraging diamond resources for national development.
Geography
  • Location: Southern Africa, bordered by Namibia to the west and north, Zambia to the north, Zimbabwe to the northeast, and South Africa to the south and southeast.
  • Coordinates: Between latitudes 17°50' and 26°50' south, and longitudes 20°00' and 29°20' east.
  • Area: Approximately 581,730 square kilometers.
  • Terrain: Predominantly flat with gently rolling tablelands; notable features include the Kalahari Desert in the central and southwest regions, the Okavango Delta in the northwest, and the Makgadikgadi Pans in the north-central area.
  • Elevation Extremes: The lowest point at the junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers (513 meters); the highest point at Monalanong Hill (1,494 meters).
  • Climate: Semi-arid with hot summers and cooler winters; rainfall occurs mainly between December and March, ranging from 250 to 500 millimetres annually.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 2.4 million as of 2024.
  • Ethnic Groups: The population is predominantly Tswana (about 80%), with minority groups including Kalanga, Basarwa (San), and others.
  • Languages: The official languages are English and Setswana; various indigenous languages are also spoken.
  • Religions: Predominantly Christian (Anglican, Methodist, and Protestant denominations), with indigenous beliefs and small Muslim and Hindu communities.
  • Urbanization: Around 70% of the population lives in urban areas, with Gaborone as the largest city and capital.
  • Life Expectancy: Approximately 69 years.
Environment
  • Major Environmental Issues: Desertification, water scarcity, human-wildlife conflict, and poaching.
  • Protected Areas: Over 38% of Botswana's land is designated national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Central Kalahari Game Reserve and Chobe National Park.
  • Flora and Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife, including elephants, lions, rhinos, and cheetahs, as well as unique wetlands like the Okavango Delta, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Botswana Defence Force (BDF): Established in 1977, responsible for national defence and peacekeeping missions.
  • Alliances: Member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Standby Force and African Union Peace and Security Council.
Economic Organizations
  • Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC)
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)
  • World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU)
  • Commonwealth of Nations
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • Organization of African Petroleum Producers (APPO)
  • Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) for conflict-free diamonds
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN) and its agencies
  • World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • African Methodist Episcopal Church, Anglican Church, and other Protestant groups
  • Indigenous spiritual practices are still observed in rural areas
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Botswana Red Cross Society
  • Debswana Diamond Company community development programs
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Ditshwanelo – The Botswana Centre for Human Rights
  • Legal Aid Botswana
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC)
  • Transparency International – Botswana Chapter
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • None reported; Botswana maintains strict security policies and cooperation with regional counterterrorism efforts.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: Moderate levels of armed robbery and assault in urban areas.
  • Organized Crime: Limited, but concerns exist over wildlife poaching and cross-border smuggling.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing threats, particularly financial fraud and phishing scams.
  • Drug-Related Offenses: Rising cases of drug trafficking, especially cannabis and methamphetamine.
  • Human Trafficking: Botswana is a transit country for human trafficking, with efforts in place to combat the issue.
Conclusion
Botswana is one of Africa's most stable democracies, with a strong economy driven by diamonds, tourism, and agriculture. It has a commendable human rights record and environmental conservation efforts, making it a regional leader in governance and sustainability. While water scarcity, poaching, and economic diversification remain, Botswana continues to set an example for African political stability and economic resilience.
Burkina Faso
​Summary Burkina Faso, a landlocked country in West Africa, shares borders with Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire. Covering an area of approximately 274,200 square kilometres, it has a population of over 23 million as of 2024. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou. Formerly known as the Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed Burkina Faso in 1984 by President Thomas Sankara, meaning "Land of Upright People" in Mossi and Dioula. The country has experienced significant political instability, including military coups in 2022. Economically, Burkina Faso remains one of the world's poorest nations, with a significant portion of its population relying on subsistence agriculture.

History Burkina Faso's history dates back to ancient times, with evidence of settlement for thousands of years. The Mossi kingdoms, established between the 11th and 13th centuries, dominated the region until French colonial forces integrated the territory into French West Africa in the late 19th century. The colony of Upper Volta was created in 1919, temporarily dissolved in 1932, and reinstated in 1947. Burkina Faso gained independence from France on August 5, 1960, with Maurice Yaméogo as its first president. Since then, it has faced multiple coups and political transitions, including the rule of Thomas Sankara (1983-1987), whose revolutionary policies were cut short by his assassination. Blaise Compaoré ruled for 27 years until a popular uprising forced his resignation in 2014. Political instability continues, with military takeovers in January and September 2022.

Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire.
  • Area: 274,200 square kilometres.
  • Terrain: Mostly flat with undulating plains; the highest point is Mount Ténakourou (749 meters).
  • Climate: Tropical, with distinct wet and dry seasons; the north experiences semi-arid Sahelian conditions, while the south has a more humid Sudanian climate.
People and Society
  • Population: Over 23 million (2024 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Mossi (about 52%), with Fulani, Bobo, Gurunsi, Lobi, and others.
  • Languages: French (official); widely spoken languages include Mossi, Dioula, Bwamu, and Fula.
  • Religion: Predominantly Islam, with a mix of Christianity and traditional African religions.
  • Literacy Rate: Approximately 29.7%.
Environment
  • Natural Resources: Gold, manganese, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, and salt.
  • Biodiversity: Home to elephants, lions, and antelopes; protected areas include national parks and reserves.
  • Environmental Issues: Deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, and inadequate potable water supply.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Armed Forces: Approximately 10,800 personnel, including army, air force, and paramilitary units.
  • Security Challenges: Threats from extremist groups linked to al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, causing significant civilian casualties and displacement.
  • Regional Cooperation: In September 2024, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger formed a joint force of 5,000 personnel to combat rising extremist violence in the Sahel region.
Economic Organizations
  • African Union (AU): Membership is suspended following the 2022 military coups.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Membership suspended due to political instability.
  • West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Member, using the CFA franc as currency.
Regional Political Unions
  • Alliance of Sahel States (AES): Formed in 2023 by Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger for regional security and cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Member promoting renewable energy initiatives.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF): Membership suspended after 2022 military coups.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO): Member promoting education and cultural cooperation among Islamic countries.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Supports health and development projects in Burkina Faso.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International: Monitors and reports on human rights conditions.
  • Human Rights Watch: Documents human rights challenges in the country.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Ministry of Justice, Human Rights and Civic Promotion: Oversees judiciary, human rights, democracy, and anti-corruption efforts.
  • Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa (GIABA): Works to implement anti-money laundering measures.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM): al-Qaeda-affiliated coalition responsible for numerous attacks, including the Barsalogho massacre in 2024.
  • Islamic State – Sahel Province (ISSP): Islamic State affiliate active in the Sahel, responsible for attacks such as the 2023 Kourakou and Tondobi massacres.

​Crime Statistics Burkina Faso faces high levels of violent crime, terrorism, organized crime, and human trafficking. Insurgent groups have exacerbated these challenges, leading to widespread displacement and humanitarian crises. Precise crime statistics are difficult to obtain due to security issues.
Burundi
​Summary Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It borders Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, with Lake Tanganyika along its southwestern border. As of 2024, Burundi has an estimated population of over 14 million. The capital city is Gitega, while Bujumbura is the most significant economic hub. Burundi's economy is predominantly agricultural, with coffee and tea as its leading exports. The nation faces challenges like poverty, political instability, and limited infrastructure development.

History The region now known as Burundi has been inhabited for at least 500 years by the Twa, Hutu, and Tutsi peoples. For over two centuries, Burundi existed as an independent kingdom. In 1885, it became part of German East Africa. Following Germany's defeat in World War I, the League of Nations mandated Burundi and Rwanda to Belgium, forming the territory of Ruanda-Urundi. Burundi gained independence in 1962, initially retaining its monarchy. A coup in 1966 abolished the monarchy, establishing a republic. The subsequent decades were marked by ethnic tensions, coups, and civil unrest, including a civil war from 1993 to 2005. The Arusha Agreement of 2000 laid the foundation for peace and power-sharing, leading to a new constitution in 2005. Since then, the National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD–FDD) has been the dominant political party.

Geography
  • Location: East Africa, bordered by Rwanda, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  • Coordinates: Between latitudes 2° and 5°S and longitudes 29° and 31°E.
  • Area: 27,830 square kilometres.
  • Terrain: A plateau with an average elevation of 1,700 meters; the highest point is Mount Heha at 2,684 meters.
  • Climate: Equatorial, tempered by altitude; average annual temperature around 20°C; two rainy seasons (February-May and September-November).
  • Natural Resources: Nickel, uranium, rare earth elements, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum, vanadium.
People and Society
  • Population: Over 14 million (2024 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Approximately 85% Hutu, 14% Tutsi, and 1% Twa.
  • Languages: Kirundi (official), French (official), English (official), Swahili (spoken in urban areas).
  • Religion: Predominantly Christian (63.7% Catholic, 25.2% Protestant, 4.5% other Christian), 4.3% traditional faiths, 2.1% Islam, 0.2% other/none.
  • Urbanization: Approximately 13% of the population lives in urban areas.
Environment
  • Ecoregions: Central Zambezian miombo woodlands, Albertine Rift montane forests, Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic.
  • Deforestation: Significant loss due to agriculture and fuel needs; forest cover was around 11% of the total land area in 2020.
  • Protected Areas: Two national parks—Kibira National Park (northwest) and Ruvubu National Park (northeast)—were both established in 1982.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Military: National Defence Force (Forces de Défense Nationale).
  • Security Alliances: Member of the African Union (AU), East African Community (EAC), and the United Nations (UN).
Economic Organizations
  • Membership: East African Community (EAC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), African Development Bank (AfDB), World Trade Organization (WTO).
Regional Political Unions
  • East African Community (EAC): A regional intergovernmental organization of six partner states: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR): This conference focuses on peace, security, and development, including natural resource management.
Specialized International Organizations
  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU): Burundi is a member state.
  • World Health Organization (WHO): Burundi participates in global health initiatives.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Religious Organizations: Predominantly Christian councils and Islamic associations.
  • Cultural Institutions: National museums and cultural centres promoting Burundian heritage.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Local NGOs: Focus on health, education, and poverty alleviation.
  • International NGOs: Operate in sectors like humanitarian aid, development, and human rights.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Local Organizations: Advocate for civil liberties, women's rights, and press freedom.
  • International Partnerships: Collaborate with global human rights entities to monitor and report on the human rights situation.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Government Bodies: Anti-Corruption Brigade under the Ministry of Good Governance.
  • Civil Society: Organizations promoting transparency and accountability in governance.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • RED-Tabara: Formed in 2015, this rebel militia opposes the CNDD-FDD government. It has been active in attacks against government forces and is reportedly based in the South Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: Incidents of armed robbery and assault are reported, particularly in urban areas.
  • Organized Crime: Smuggling of minerals and arms trafficking is an issue, particularly along border regions.
  • Cybercrime: Limited but growing threat as internet penetration increases.
  • Drug-Related Offenses: Minor compared to other crimes but increasing due to regional drug trafficking networks.
  • Human Trafficking: Burundi is a source country for human trafficking, including forced labour and sexual exploitation.
  • Other Major Crimes: Corruption remains a significant problem, impacting governance and economic growth.

​Conclusion Burundi has a complex history, a diverse population, and a struggling economy. While it faces challenges related to governance, security, and human rights, it also has significant opportunities for growth, particularly in agriculture, mining, and regional trade integration.
Cabo Verde
​Summary Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island nation located in the central Atlantic Ocean, approximately 600 to 850 kilometres west of Senegal. The archipelago consists of ten volcanic islands covering a combined area of about 4,033 square kilometres. Uninhabited until the 15th century, Portuguese explorers colonized the islands, establishing one of the first European settlements in the tropics. Today, Cabo Verde is recognized for its stable democratic governance and service-oriented economy, with a growing emphasis on tourism and foreign investment. The population of around 596,000 (as of 2022) is predominantly of mixed African and European descent, reflecting its colonial history.
History Discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century, Cabo Verde's strategic location made it a pivotal hub in the transatlantic slave trade during the 16th and 17th centuries, leading to economic prosperity. However, the decline of the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in economic downturns and significant emigration. The islands remained under Portuguese rule until achieving independence in 1975. Since the early 1990s, Cabo Verde has been a stable representative democracy, consistently ranking as one of Africa's most developed and democratic nations.
Geography
  • Location: Central Atlantic Ocean, between 600 and 850 kilometres west of Senegal.
  • Total Area: Approximately 4,033 square kilometers.
  • Islands: Ten volcanic islands, nine of which are inhabited.
  • Major Islands:
    • Santiago: Hosts the capital city, Praia.
    • Santo Antão: Known for its mountainous terrain.
    • São Vicente: Home to the cultural city of Mindelo.
  • Climate: Arid or semi-arid, moderated by the Canary Current. Average annual temperatures range between 20°C and 25°C.
  • Terrain: Varies from flat plains to active volcanic peaks, with Pico do Fogo being the highest at 2,829 meters.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 596,000 (as of 2022).
  • Ethnic Composition: Predominantly mixed African and European descent.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Portuguese.
    • National: Cape Verdean Creole, widely spoken.
  • Religion: Most of the population is Roman Catholic, reflecting Portuguese colonial influence.
  • Urban Centers:
    • Praia: Capital and largest city.
    • Mindelo: Cultural hub on São Vicente island.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, hosting unique flora and fauna.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, and desertification due to prolonged droughts and overgrazing.
  • Conservation Efforts: Establishment of protected areas, such as natural parks and reserves, to preserve native species and habitats.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Comprised of the National Guard and Coast Guard.
  • International Partnerships: Engages in cooperative security arrangements, focusing on maritime security and combating illicit trafficking.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member since July 2008.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Participates in regional economic initiatives.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member contributing to continental political and economic discourse.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Collaborates to enhance renewable energy adoption.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP): Founding member promoting the Portuguese language and Lusophone culture.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Morna: A Cape Verdean music genre recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Cabo Verde Foundation: Focuses on educational and social development projects.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Cabo Verdean League for Human Rights: Advocates for civil liberties and human rights protections.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Anti-Corruption Commission: Established to promote transparency and accountability in governance.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known active terrorist or insurgent groups operating within Cabo Verde.
Crime Statistics
  • Theft and Burglary: Common in urban areas, particularly in marketplaces and during festivals.
  • Violent Crime: Incidents have been reported in major cities like Praia and Mindelo.
  • Drug-Related Offenses: Cabo Verde's strategic location has been exploited for drug trafficking routes between South America and Europe.
  • Human Trafficking: Identified as a transit point for child trafficking and illicit drugs.
Cabo Verde continues to make strides in economic development and governance, positioning itself as a stable and progressive nation within the African continent.
Cameroon
​Summary Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a Central African country along the Gulf of Guinea. It shares borders with Nigeria to the west, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon is known for its diverse geography, covering an area of approximately 475,442 square kilometres, ranging from coastal plains to mountains and savannas. The country gained independence from France and Britain in 1960 and 1961. It has a mixed legal and political heritage, influenced by both colonial powers. Cameroon is often called "Africa in miniature" due to its varied climate, ecosystems, and cultural diversity.

History Cameroon has a rich history shaped by indigenous kingdoms, European colonization, and post-independence challenges. Before European contact, the region was home to various ethnic groups and kingdoms, including the Sao civilization and the Bamoun and Bamiléké kingdoms. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in the 15th century, followed by German colonization in the late 19th century. After World War I, the League of Nations divided Cameroon between France and Britain. French Cameroon gained independence in 1960, and in 1961, the British-administered Southern Cameroons joined to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The country transitioned to a unitary state in 1972. Since then, Cameroon has experienced periods of political stability, economic growth, and tensions, particularly with the Anglophone crisis in the northwest and southwest regions.

Geography
  • Location: Central Africa, bordering Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and the Republic of the Congo.
  • Total Area: Approximately 475,442 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Coastal plains, Adamawa Plateau, and Mount Cameroon, the highest peak at 4,095 meters.
  • Climate: Ranges from equatorial in the south to semi-arid in the north.
  • Major Rivers: Sanaga, Benue, and Logone.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 27 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Over 250 ethnic groups, including the Bamileke, Beti-Pahuin, Fulani, and Kirdi.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French and English.
    • Widely Spoken: Fulfulde, Ewondo, and various Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Catholic and Protestant.
    • Islam: Primarily practised in the northern regions.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Still widely observed in various communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Yaoundé: Capital and administrative centre.
    • Douala: Largest city and economic hub.
    • Bamenda: Major Anglophone city.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich ecosystems, including rainforests, savannas, and coastal mangroves.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, desertification in the north, and poaching.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks such as Waza, Korup, and Dja Faunal Reserve (UNESCO-listed).
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Composed of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Presidential Guard.
  • International Partnerships: Member of regional security initiatives against Boko Haram and cross-border crime.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC): Member, sharing a common currency (CFA franc).
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS): Participates in regional political and economic matters.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is not a member but a significant oil producer.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in renewable energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Joined in 1995, reflecting its bilingual heritage.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial ties.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Makossa and Bikutsi: Popular music genres originating in Cameroon.
  • Cultural Festivals: Ngondo Festival, Bamoun Nguon Festival, and Mount Cameroon Race of Hope.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Denis & Lenora Foretia Foundation: Focuses on economic and social development.
  • Chantal Biya Foundation: Promotes health and education initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Cameroon Human Rights Commission: Monitors civil liberties and human rights.
  • Amnesty International Cameroon: Engages in human rights advocacy and reporting.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Commission (CONAC): Oversees efforts to combat corruption.
  • Transparency International Cameroon: Works on governance and accountability initiatives.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Boko Haram: Active in the Far North region, conducting attacks and kidnappings.
  • Anglophone Separatists: Groups seeking independence for the northwest and southwest regions.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: Includes armed robbery and kidnappings, particularly in border regions.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing cases of online fraud and scams.
  • Drug-Related Offenses: Trafficking of cannabis and synthetic drugs.
  • Human Trafficking: Cases of forced labour and child exploitation reported.

​Cameroon continues to navigate economic and political challenges while leveraging its diverse cultural and natural resources for development. Despite security concerns in some regions, the country remains influential in Central Africa.
Central African Republic
Summary The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa, bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan and South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the south, and Cameroon to the west. Covering approximately 622,984 square kilometres, CAR is rich in natural resources, including diamonds, gold, and uranium. Despite these resources, it remains one of the world's least developed countries, facing persistent political instability and humanitarian challenges. The country gained independence from France in 1960 and has experienced multiple coups and civil conflicts.
History The territory that is now CAR was historically home to several ethnic groups, including the Gbaya, Banda, and Zande peoples. During the 19th century, the region was affected by the trans-Saharan slave trade. In the late 19th century, France colonized the area, incorporating it into French Equatorial Africa. CAR gained independence in 1960 under President David Dacko. The country has since struggled with political instability, including the dictatorship of Jean-Bédel Bokassa, a series of military coups, and ongoing armed conflicts. Since 2013, civil war between government forces and various rebel groups has resulted in a severe humanitarian crisis.
Geography
  • Location: Central Africa, bordered by Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, and Cameroon.
  • Total Area: Approximately 622,984 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Vast savannas, forests, and the Ubangi and Chari River systems.
  • Climate: Tropical with distinct wet and dry seasons.
  • Natural Resources: Diamonds, gold, uranium, timber, and oil reserves.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 5.5 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Gbaya, Banda, Mandja, Sara, Mboum, M'Baka, and Yakoma, among others.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French, Sango (national language).
    • Widely Spoken: Various indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Catholic and Protestant.
    • Islam: Practiced by a minority, mainly in the north.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: These beliefs are still observed in some communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Bangui: Capital and largest city.
    • Berbérati: Key commercial centre.
    • Bambari: Strategic town affected by the ongoing conflict.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to diverse wildlife, including elephants, gorillas, and leopards.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, desertification, poaching, and water pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks such as Dzanga-Sangha and Bamingui-Bangoran protected areas.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Composed of the Central African Armed Forces (FACA), with international assistance.
  • International Partnerships: Collaborates with United Nations peacekeeping forces (MINUSCA) and regional security initiatives.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC): Uses the CFA franc as a common currency.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS): Engages in regional economic and political cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works to ensure transparency in resource extraction.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in renewable energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial ties.
  • United Nations (UN): Participates in UN peacekeeping and humanitarian programs.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Important in ceremonies and community gatherings.
  • Cultural Festivals: Celebrations featuring storytelling, drumming, and dance.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • International Rescue Committee (IRC): Provides humanitarian aid and development assistance.
  • Bangui National Hospital Foundation: Supports healthcare initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW): Monitors human rights violations in CAR.
  • Amnesty International CAR: Engages in civil rights and advocacy campaigns.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Commission (CNLC): Works to improve transparency and accountability.
  • Transparency International CAR: Addresses governance and corruption issues.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Séléka and Anti-Balaka Militias: Engaged in armed conflicts since 2013.
  • Lord's Resistance Army (LRA): Operates in remote border regions.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: High due to ongoing conflict, including armed robberies and kidnappings.
  • Human Trafficking: Cases of forced labour and child exploitation reported.
  • Illegal Mining: Widespread smuggling of diamonds and gold.
  • Drug Trafficking: Routes pass through the country, though domestic drug use remains low.

​The Central African Republic continues to face economic and security challenges, but efforts by the international community and local organizations aim to improve stability and development.
Chad
Summary Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. Libya borders it to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. With an area of approximately 1.28 million square kilometres, Chad is the fifth-largest country in Africa. The nation faces significant economic and political challenges, including desertification, internal conflict, and limited infrastructure. Since gaining independence from France in 1960, Chad has experienced multiple coups and ongoing security threats, particularly from terrorist groups in the Lake Chad region.
History Chad has a long history of indigenous civilizations, including the Sao culture and the Kanem-Bornu Empire. In the late 19th century, France colonized Chad, incorporating it into French Equatorial Africa. Chad achieved independence 1960 under President François Tombalbaye, but the nation soon fell into political instability and civil war. Hissène Habré ruled from 1982 to 1990 before being overthrown by Idriss Déby, who remained in power until he died in 2021. The country continues to experience political and military unrest, particularly with rebel movements and extremist groups operating in the north and west.
Geography
  • Location: Central Africa, bordered by Libya, Sudan, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger.
  • Total Area: Approximately 1,284,000 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: The Sahara Desert is in the north, the Sahel region is in the centre, and savannas are in the south.
  • Climate: Ranges from arid in the north to tropical in the south.
  • Natural Resources: Oil, gold, uranium, and livestock.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Chari River, Logone River, and Lake Chad.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 17 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Over 200 ethnic groups, including Sara, Arab, Kanembu, Toubou, and Baguirmi.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French and Arabic.
    • Widely Spoken: Chadian Arabic, Sara, and other indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Majority, particularly in the north and centre.
    • Christianity: Practiced mainly in the south.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: These beliefs are still followed in some rural areas.
  • Major Cities:
    • N'Djamena: Capital and largest city.
    • Moundou: Economic center.
    • Abéché: Key regional hub in the east.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to unique wildlife, including elephants, giraffes, and cheetahs.
  • Environmental Challenges: Desertification, deforestation, water scarcity, and land degradation.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Zakouma National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Chad's military is one of the strongest in the region, actively engaged in counterterrorism.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the G5 Sahel, African Union, and French military forces in counterinsurgency operations.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC): Uses the CFA franc as a common currency.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS): Participates in regional security and economic matters.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is not a member but a significant oil producer.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on energy diversification projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial ties.
  • United Nations (UN): Engaged in peacekeeping and humanitarian operations.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Integral to cultural expressions and ceremonies.
  • Cultural Festivals: Include the Gerewol Festival of the Wodaabe people.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Chad Red Cross: Provides disaster relief and humanitarian aid.
  • World Food Programme (WFP): Supports food security initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Chad: Monitors human rights conditions.
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW): Reports on abuses and political repression.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Agency (ANIF): Works to reduce corruption and increase transparency.
  • Transparency International Chad: Advocates for good governance.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa: Operate in the Lake Chad region, conducting attacks and kidnappings.
  • FACT (Front for Change and Concord in Chad): The Rebel group opposed the government.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: Includes armed banditry and conflicts in rural areas.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.
  • Illegal Arms Trade: Proliferation of small arms due to regional conflicts.
  • Drug Trafficking: Increasing as a transit country for narcotics.

​Chad remains a key player in regional security but faces significant economic and political challenges. Despite ongoing conflicts and governance issues, the country continues to work towards stability and development with international support.
​Comoros
Summary Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel between Madagascar and the African mainland. The archipelago consists of three major islands—Grande Comore (Ngazidja), Mohéli (Mwali), and Anjouan (Nzwani)—and several smaller islets. A fourth island, Mayotte, remains a French overseas territory despite Comoros' claims to sovereignty. Covering approximately 2,235 square kilometres, Comoros is one of the smallest and least developed nations in the world. It has a diverse cultural heritage influenced by African, Arab, and French traditions and has experienced significant political instability since gaining independence from France in 1975.
History Comoros has a long history of trade and migration, influenced by African, Arab, and Persian merchants. It became a centre for Swahili culture and Islamic scholarship before coming under French colonial rule in the 19th century. Comoros gained independence in 1975, but political instability followed, with over 20 coups and attempted coups since independence. The country has experienced secessionist movements, particularly in Anjouan, which declared independence in the late 1990s but later reintegrated. Despite these challenges, Comoros has tried to stabilise its governance and economy in recent years.
Geography
  • Location: Indian Ocean, between Madagascar and Mozambique.
  • Total Area: Approximately 2,235 square kilometers.
  • Major Islands:
    • Grande Comore (Ngazidja): Largest island, home to the capital, Moroni.
    • Anjouan (Nzwani): Known for its fertile land and agriculture.
    • Mohéli (Mwali): The smallest of the three main islands, focusing on conservation.
  • Climate: Tropical, with a hot and humid climate and distinct rainy and dry seasons.
  • Natural Resources: Limited; includes marine resources, arable land, and volcanic soil.
  • Major Landforms: Mount Karthala, an active volcano on Grande Comore, is the highest point at 2,361 meters.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 850,000 (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Comorian (a mix of African, Arab, and Malagasy ancestry).
  • Languages:
    • Official: Comorian (Shikomori), French, and Arabic.
    • Widely Spoken: Various local dialects of Comorian.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim (about 98%).
    • Christianity: Small minority.
  • Major Cities:
    • Moroni: Capital and largest city.
    • Mutsamudu: Economic hub on Anjouan.
    • Fomboni: Principal town on Mohéli.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich marine life, coral reefs, and tropical forests.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, and vulnerability to cyclones.
  • Conservation Efforts: Marine protected areas and reforestation initiatives.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Small military, primarily focused on internal security and maritime defence.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union, France, and regional security initiatives.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Observer status.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Member.
  • Indian Ocean Commission (IOC): Member focusing on regional cooperation.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Arab League: Observer status.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in energy development.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial history.
  • United Nations (UN): Participates in UN development programs.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Swahili and Arab Influence: Strong cultural and linguistic ties to the broader Swahili coast.
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Taarab and other regional music styles are prominent.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Red Crescent Society of Comoros: Provides humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
  • World Bank and UNDP: Support development and infrastructure projects.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Comorian Human Rights Commission: Works to improve civil liberties and governance.
  • Amnesty International Comoros: Monitors human rights issues.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Commission: Works on improving transparency and governance.
  • Transparency International Comoros: Advocates for anti-corruption reforms.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known active terrorist or insurgent groups, though concerns exist regarding radicalization.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Theft and Burglary: Common, particularly in urban areas.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Illegal Fishing: A growing concern due to maritime security issues.
  • Drug Trafficking: Increasing as a transit point for narcotics moving through the Indian Ocean.

​Comoros continues to work toward political stability and economic development, leveraging its strategic location and cultural heritage to attract tourism and investment.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Summary The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa, covering approximately 2.34 million square kilometres. It shares borders with nine countries: Angola, Burundi, the Central African Republic, the Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Rich in natural resources, the DRC possesses vast reserves of minerals such as cobalt, copper, and diamonds. Despite this wealth, the country has been plagued by political instability, conflict, and economic challenges since gaining independence from Belgium in 1960.
History The DRC includes the pre-colonial kingdoms of Kongo, Luba, and Lunda. In the late 19th century, Belgian King Leopold II established the Congo Free State, leading to brutal exploitation. Belgium formally annexed the territory in 1908. The country gained independence in 1960, followed by political turmoil, including the dictatorship of Mobutu Sese Seko (1965–1997) and subsequent civil wars. Since the early 2000s, conflicts involving armed groups, foreign interventions, and internal governance challenges have persisted, affecting millions of people.
Geography
  • Location: Central Africa, bordered by Angola, Burundi, the Central African Republic, the Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.
  • Total Area: Approximately 2,344,858 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Congo River Basin, vast rainforests, and mountain ranges in the east.
  • Climate: Equatorial and tropical, with high rainfall and humidity.
  • Natural Resources: Rich in minerals such as cobalt, copper, gold, diamonds, and coltan.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Congo River, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Albert, and Lake Edward.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 95 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Over 200 ethnic groups, including the Luba, Kongo, Mongo, and Hutu/Tutsi communities.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French.
    • National: Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, and Tshiluba.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Catholic and Protestant.
    • Islam: Minority population.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in some rural communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Kinshasa: Capital and largest city.
    • Lubumbashi: Economic and mining hub.
    • Goma: A major city near the Rwandan border, affected by conflict.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to endangered species such as gorillas, okapis, and forest elephants.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, illegal mining, and pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Virunga National Park and Salonga National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: The Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) engage in counterinsurgency operations.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) and regional security forces.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Member focusing on regional trade and economic cooperation.
  • Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR): Participates in conflict resolution efforts.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is not a member but has oil reserves.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on hydropower and energy development.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial history.
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and humanitarian programs.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Soukous and rumba are popular music genres.
  • Cultural Festivals: Include the Amani Festival in Goma and the FESPAM music festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Panzi Foundation: Provides medical and social support for survivors of sexual violence.
  • World Food Programme (WFP): Works on food security.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW): Monitors human rights violations in the DRC.
  • Amnesty International DRC: Engages in civil rights advocacy.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Congolese Anti-Corruption Agency (APLC): Works on transparency and governance issues.
  • Transparency International DRC: Addresses corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Allied Democratic Forces (ADF): Islamist militant group operating in the east.
  • Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR): Rebel group linked to the Rwandan genocide.
  • Mai-Mai Militias: Various local militias involved in regional conflicts.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: Includes armed conflict, kidnappings, and sexual violence.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Illegal Mining: Extensive smuggling of gold, diamonds, and coltan.
  • Drug Trafficking: Limited but increasing in urban centres.

​The Democratic Republic of the Congo continues to face economic and security challenges. However, efforts are underway to improve governance, stabilize conflict-prone regions, and leverage its vast natural resources for development.
Djibouti
Summary Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a small but strategically significant country in the Horn of Africa. It borders Eritrea to the north, Ethiopia to the west and south, and Somalia to the southeast, with coastlines along the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Covering approximately 23,200 square kilometres, Djibouti serves as a key maritime hub due to its location near the Bab el Mandeb Strait, a critical global shipping route. Since gaining independence from France in 1977, Djibouti has remained relatively stable, hosting several foreign military bases while positioning itself as a key regional security and trade player.
History Djibouti has been historically inhabited by the Afar and Somali Issa peoples. The region became part of various trade networks, including those of the ancient Axumite and Islamic empires. In the 19th century, France established the French Somaliland colony, later renamed the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas. Independence was achieved in 1977, with Hassan Gouled Aptidon becoming the first president. Djibouti has experienced some political tensions, including ethnic conflicts and civil war in the 1990s, but has largely remained stable compared to its neighbours.
Geography
  • Location: Horn of Africa, bordering Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
  • Total Area: Approximately 23,200 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Volcanic plateaus, coastal plains, and Lake Assal, one of the lowest points in Africa.
  • Climate: Arid and hot, with extreme summer temperatures exceeding 45°C (113°F).
  • Natural Resources: Limited; includes salt, geothermal energy, and fishing potential.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Lake Assal (hypersaline lake) and Lake Abbe.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 1.1 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Somali (Issa clan), Afar, and small expatriate communities.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Arabic and French.
    • Widely Spoken: Somali and Afar.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Over 94% Sunni Muslim.
    • Christianity: Minority population.
  • Major Cities:
    • Djibouti City: Capital and largest city.
    • Ali Sabieh: Important trade and transportation hub.
    • Tadjourah: Historic port city.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Limited due to arid climate; marine biodiversity is significant.
  • Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, and climate change impact.
  • Conservation Efforts: Efforts to develop renewable energy and protect marine ecosystems.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Djiboutian Armed Forces, including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Hosts U.S., French, Chinese, Japanese, and other foreign military bases for regional security.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD): Member focusing on regional economic and security cooperation.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Arab League: Member due to cultural and linguistic ties.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in geothermal energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial history.
  • United Nations (UN): Participates in peacekeeping and development programs.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Somali and Afar Traditions: Strong oral storytelling, poetry, and music.
  • Cultural Festivals: Independence Day (June 27) and traditional dance events.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Djibouti Red Crescent: Provides humanitarian assistance.
  • World Food Programme (WFP): Works on food security initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Djibouti Human Rights League: Works on civil rights and advocacy.
  • Amnesty International Djibouti: Monitors human rights conditions.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Anti-Corruption Commission: Works to improve governance and transparency.
  • Transparency International Djibouti: Monitors corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: There are no major insurgent groups within Djibouti, but the country remains vulnerable to regional threats, such as Al-Shabaab from Somalia.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Pickpocketing and theft in urban areas.
  • Human Trafficking: Identified as a transit country for trafficking networks.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing concerns related to financial fraud.
  • Drug Trafficking: Limited but growing due to regional trade routes.

​Djibouti continues positioning itself as a strategic and stable hub in the Horn of Africa, leveraging its location for economic development, military cooperation, and regional security efforts.
Egypt
Summary Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in Asia. It shares borders with Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and Israel and the Gaza Strip to the northeast, with coastlines along the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Covering approximately 1,010,408 square kilometres, Egypt is home to over 100 million people, making it the most populous country in the Arab world. It has a rich history as one of the world's oldest civilizations, dating back to the pharaohs. Today, Egypt is a regional power with a diversified economy driven by tourism, agriculture, and the Suez Canal.
History Egypt's history dates back to the emergence of one of the world's first great civilizations around 3100 BCE. Ancient Egypt flourished under powerful dynasties until it fell under Persian, Greek, Roman, and later Arab rule. The Arab conquest in the 7th century introduced Islam and the Arabic language. Egypt was later part of the Ottoman Empire before becoming a British protectorate in 1882. It gained independence in 1952 following a revolution led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. The country has since played a central role in Middle Eastern and African geopolitics, with key events including the Suez Crisis (1956), the Arab-Israeli conflicts, and the Egyptian Revolution of 2011.
Geography
  • Location: Northeast Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in Asia, bordering Libya, Sudan, Israel, and Gaza.
  • Total Area: Approximately 1,010,408 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Nile River Valley, Sahara Desert, Sinai Peninsula, and the Eastern and Western Deserts.
  • Climate: Desert climate with hot summers and mild winters.
  • Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, limestone, and agricultural land along the Nile.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Nile River, Lake Nasser, and the Red Sea.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 104 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Egyptian, with Nubian and Bedouin minorities.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Arabic.
    • Widely Spoken: English and French (especially among the educated population).
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Majority Sunni Muslim population (approximately 90%).
    • Christianity: Coptic Orthodox and other Christian minorities (around 10%).
  • Major Cities:
    • Cairo: Capital and largest city.
    • Alexandria: Major Mediterranean port and cultural hub.
    • Giza: Home to the Pyramids and Sphinx.
    • Luxor: Site of ancient Thebes and key archaeological sites.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Includes desert wildlife, Nile River ecosystems, and marine biodiversity in the Red Sea.
  • Environmental Challenges: Desertification, air pollution, water scarcity, and the impacts of climate change.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Wadi El Rayan and Ras Mohammed National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: One of the largest militaries in Africa and the Middle East.
  • International Partnerships: Strong defence ties with the U.S., Russia, and Gulf states; member of the Arab League and African Union.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Member engaging in regional trade.
  • Arab Monetary Fund (AMF): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant in regional affairs.
  • Arab League: Founding member, playing a leading diplomatic role.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC): Member.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in solar and wind energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Francophonie (OIF): Observer due to historical ties with France.
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development programs.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Islamic and Christian Heritage: Includes Al-Azhar Mosque and Coptic Orthodox Church.
  • Cultural Landmarks: Pyramids of Giza, Karnak Temple, and the Valley of the Kings.
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Folk music, Sufi chanting, and belly dancing.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Sawiris Foundation for Social Development: Works on education and health initiatives.
  • Misr El-Kheir Foundation: Supports poverty alleviation and social development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Egyptian Organization for Human Rights: Monitors civil liberties and human rights.
  • Amnesty International Egypt: Reports on political and human rights issues.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Administrative Control Authority (ACA): Works on anti-corruption measures.
  • Transparency International Egypt: Advocates for governance reforms.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • ISIS-Sinai Province: Active in the Sinai Peninsula, targeting security forces and civilians.
  • Other Extremist Groups: Small-scale insurgencies in remote areas.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including pickpocketing and scams.
  • Human Trafficking: Concerns over forced labour and exploitation.
  • Drug Trafficking: Presence of illicit narcotics networks.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing incidents of financial fraud and hacking.

​Egypt remains a major political and economic power in the region. It leverages its strategic location and historical significance while addressing modern challenges related to governance, security, and economic reform.
Equatorial Guinea
​Summary Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a small Central African country consisting of a mainland region, Río Muni, and several islands, including Bioko, where the capital Malabo is located, and Annobón. It shares land borders with Cameroon to the north and Gabon to the east and south, with a coastline along the Gulf of Guinea. Covering approximately 28,050 square kilometres, Equatorial Guinea is one of Africa’s smallest nations. It gained independence from Spain in 1968 and has been governed by an authoritarian regime. The country is rich in oil and natural gas, making it one of the wealthiest per capita in Africa, though economic inequality remains high.
History Before colonization, the area was inhabited by the Fang and Bubi ethnic groups. Portugal ceded control of the islands to Spain in 1778, and Spain later established complete colonial rule over the mainland in the early 20th century. After gaining independence in 1968, the country endured a brutal dictatorship under Francisco Macías Nguema until his overthrow in 1979 by his nephew, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, who has remained in power since. The discovery of oil in the 1990s brought significant revenue but has not led to broad economic development, as political repression and corruption continue to challenge governance.
Geography
  • Location: Central Africa, bordered by Cameroon, Gabon, and the Gulf of Guinea.
  • Total Area: Approximately 28,050 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Coastal plains, rainforest-covered mountains, and volcanic islands.
  • Climate: Tropical, with high humidity and heavy rainfall.
  • Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, timber, and minerals.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Río Benito, Río Muni, and various smaller rivers.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 1.5 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Fang (85%), with Bubi, Ndowe, and other smaller groups.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Spanish, French, and Portuguese.
    • Widely Spoken: Fang, Bubi, and other indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Roman Catholic.
    • Islam and Indigenous Beliefs: Small minorities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Malabo: Capital, located on Bioko Island.
    • Bata: Largest city and economic centre.
    • Ebebiyín: Important trade hub near Cameroon.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rainforests, mangroves, and unique island ecosystems.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, pollution from oil extraction, and wildlife poaching.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Monte Alén National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: These include the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Limited military cooperation, though it has ties with Spain and the United States.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Observer status.
  • Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC): Uses the CFA franc.
  • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Member since 2017.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS): Participates in regional economic and security discussions.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • OPEC: Significant oil and gas exporter.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to historical ties with France.
  • United Nations (UN): Participates in UN programs.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Fang and Bubi Practices: Coexist with Christianity.
  • Cultural Festivals: Include Independence Day celebrations and traditional dance events.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Equatorial Guinea Red Cross: Provides humanitarian assistance.
  • UNICEF Equatorial Guinea: Supports education and child welfare programs.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Equatorial Guinea: Reports on political repression and civil liberties.
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW): Monitors human rights conditions.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Commission: Works on governance transparency.
  • Transparency International Equatorial Guinea: Highlights corruption concerns.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No active insurgencies, but political opposition is heavily suppressed.
Crime Statistics
  • Corruption: Widespread, particularly in government and oil sectors.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and fraud.
  • Cybercrime: The emerging threat in financial fraud and scams.
Equatorial Guinea remains politically repressive with a resource-rich but highly unequal economy. While the country continues to benefit from oil wealth, economic diversification and governance reforms remain key challenges for its future development.
Eritrea
Summary Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Sudan to the west, Ethiopia to the south, and Djibouti to the southeast, with a coastline along the Red Sea. Eritrea has a diverse geography covering approximately 117,600 square kilometres, including mountains, coastal plains, and arid deserts. The country gained independence from Ethiopia in 1993 after a 30-year war. Since then, it has been governed as a one-party state under President Isaias Afwerki. Eritrea remains politically isolated but strategically important due to its Red Sea access and military presence.
History Eritrea has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations, including the Kingdom of Aksum. Italy colonized it in the late 19th century and later became a British protectorate after World War II. In 1952, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia, but Ethiopia later annexed it, leading to a protracted war for independence. Eritrea finally gained sovereignty in 1993 after a United Nations-sponsored referendum. Post-independence, Eritrea has experienced border conflicts with Ethiopia and Djibouti and diplomatic isolation due to human rights concerns and government policies.
Geography
  • Location: Horn of Africa, bordered by Sudan, Ethiopia, and Djibouti.
  • Total Area: Approximately 117,600 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Highlands, coastal plains, and the Danakil Depression.
  • Climate: Arid to semi-arid, with coastal humidity and highland temperate conditions.
  • Natural Resources: Gold, copper, zinc, potash, and fisheries.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: No significant permanent rivers; seasonal rivers include the Anseba and Barka.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 3.6 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Tigrinya, Tigre, Afar, Saho, Bilen, Kunama, Nara, and Rashaida.
  • Languages:
    • Official: None declared, but Tigrinya, Arabic, and English are widely used.
    • Widely Spoken: Tigre, Afar, and other indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Eritrean Orthodox, along with Catholics and Protestants.
    • Islam: Sunni Muslim communities, particularly among the Tigre and Afar.
  • Major Cities:
    • Asmara: Capital and largest city.
    • Massawa: Key port city on the Red Sea.
    • Assab: Another major port and trade centre.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to unique marine ecosystems and desert-adapted wildlife.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, land degradation, and water scarcity.
  • Conservation Efforts: Limited due to economic constraints, but marine reserves exist.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: The Eritrean Defense Forces (EDF) include the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Limited alliances; past cooperation with Gulf states and regional actors.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Not a member.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Member engaging in regional trade.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Member but has had strained relations.
  • Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD): Member but often politically disengaged.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Not a member but has significant mining operations.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Engaged in small-scale energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Member but has faced sanctions due to governance and human rights issues.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Christian and Muslim Heritage: Strong influence on Eritrean identity.
  • Cultural Festivals: Independence Day (May 24) and Meskel religious celebrations.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Eritrean Relief and Development Organizations: Primarily diaspora-driven humanitarian efforts.
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Provides limited assistance.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Eritrea: Documents political repression and human rights abuses.
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW): Reports on forced labour and lack of freedoms.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Transparency International Eritrea: Highlights governance issues.
  • No Independent Anti-Corruption Agency: Government controls oversight mechanisms.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No active terrorist groups, but opposition movements are operating in exile.
Crime Statistics
  • Human Trafficking: Eritrea is a known source country for migrants fleeing forced conscription.
  • Petty Crime: Low due to strict government control.
  • Cybercrime: Minimal but growing with increased internet access.
  • Drug Trafficking: Not a significant issue due to state controls.

​Eritrea remains a highly centralized state with strict governance and limited economic diversification. While it has significant natural resources, development is hindered by political isolation and restrictive policies. The country’s strategic location along the Red Sea continues to shape its geopolitical significance.
Eswatini (Swaziland)
Summary Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered by South Africa to the west, north, and south, and Mozambique to the east. Covering approximately 17,364 square kilometres, it is one of Africa's smallest nations. Eswatini is known for its mountainous terrain, rich cultural heritage, and absolute monarchy. The country gained independence from Britain in 1968 and remains Africa's last absolute monarchy. Despite economic challenges, Eswatini has a well-developed agricultural and tourism sector and is a member of regional economic and political organizations.
History The Swazi people migrated to present-day Eswatini in the 18th century, establishing the Kingdom of Swaziland under King Ngwane III. The British colonized the region in the late 19th century, ruling it as a British protectorate until independence in 1968. King Sobhuza II, who ruled for over 80 years, abolished the constitution in 1973, establishing absolute monarchy. King Mswati III's successor continues to rule, facing periodic calls for democratic reform and protests against governance issues.
Geography
  • Location: Southern Africa, bordered by South Africa and Mozambique.
  • Total Area: Approximately 17,364 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Mountains, savannas, and river valleys.
  • Climate: Subtropical with wet summers and dry winters.
  • Natural Resources: Coal, diamonds, forests, and water.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Usutu River, Komati River, and Lubombo River.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 1.2 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Swazi, with small minority communities.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Swazi (siSwati) and English.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Protestant and Catholic.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Some traditional African spiritual practices.
  • Major Cities:
    • Mbabane: Capital city.
    • Manzini: Largest commercial centre.
    • Lobamba: Traditional and legislative capital.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich in wildlife, including rhinos, elephants, and antelopes.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, land degradation, and water scarcity.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks and wildlife reserves, including Hlane Royal National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: The Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force (UEDF) handles national security.
  • International Partnerships: Engages in regional security cooperation with South Africa and SADC.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Southern African Customs Union (SACU): Engages in regional trade agreements.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Participates in regional economic and security initiatives.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on hydro and solar energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in development and health programs.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Swazi Festivals: Incwala and Umhlanga (Reed Dance).
  • Swazi Music and Dance: Integral to national identity and ceremonies.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Eswatini Red Cross: Provides humanitarian aid.
  • Global Fund: Supports health programs, particularly for HIV/AIDS treatment.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Eswatini: Reports on political and civil rights issues.
  • Swaziland Democracy Campaign: Advocates for political reforms.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Anti-Corruption Commission of Eswatini: Works on governance and transparency issues.
  • Transparency International Eswatini: Highlights corruption concerns.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No active insurgencies, but political protests have increased in recent years.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: Rising due to economic challenges.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Emerging threat related to financial fraud.
  • Drug Trafficking: Transit point for regional narcotics trade.

​Due to its monarchy and cultural heritage, Eswatini remains a unique African nation. While economic growth and tourism offer potential, political reforms and governance improvements are key to the country's future stability.
Ethiopia
Summary Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is landlocked in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Covering approximately 1,104,300 square kilometres, Ethiopia is the second-most populous country in Africa, with over 120 million people. It has a rich history as one of the world's oldest civilizations and the only African country to overcome colonization. Ethiopia has a diverse cultural heritage and a rapidly growing economy but faces political and ethnic conflicts.
History Ethiopia has a long and complex history dating back to ancient times. The Aksumite Kingdom (circa 100–940 CE) was a significant trading empire and one of the first states to adopt Christianity. Ethiopia maintained its independence during the Scramble for Africa, defeating Italy in the Battle of Adwa (1896). Italy briefly occupied the country from 1936 to 1941 before being liberated during World War II. In 1974, Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown, leading to a Marxist regime under the Derg, which was eventually replaced by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991. Ethiopia transitioned to a federal system in 1995 but continues to experience ethnic and political tensions, including the Tigray War (2020–2022).
Geography
  • Location: the Horn of Africa, bordered by Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Sudan.
  • Total Area: Approximately 1,104,300 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Ethiopian Highlands, Great Rift Valley, Danakil Depression.
  • Climate: Varies from tropical savanna to alpine in the highlands.
  • Natural Resources: Gold, potash, tantalum, hydropower potential.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Blue Nile, Awash River, Lake Tana.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 120 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Oromo, Amhara, Tigray, Sidama, Somali, etc.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Amharic.
    • Widely Spoken: Oromo, Tigrinya, Somali, Afar, and over 80 other languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Ethiopian Orthodox, Protestant, Catholic.
    • Islam: Sunni Muslim communities.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in some rural areas.
  • Major Cities:
    • Addis Ababa: Capital and largest city.
    • Dire Dawa: Major commercial centre.
    • Mekelle: Former Tigray regional capital.
    • Gondar: Historic city with ancient castles.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to endemic species such as the Ethiopian wolf and gelada baboon.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, and water scarcity.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks such as Simien Mountains and Bale Mountains.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF).
  • International Partnerships: African Union, regional counterterrorism initiatives.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Observer status.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Member.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Participant.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Headquarters in Addis Ababa.
  • Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on hydropower and renewable energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Participates in peacekeeping and development programs.
  • Non-Aligned Movement: Member.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Ethiopian Orthodox Church: One of the world's oldest Christian traditions.
  • Cultural Festivals: Timkat (Epiphany), Meskel, Enkutatash (New Year).
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Ethiopian Red Cross Society: Provides humanitarian aid.
  • World Food Programme (WFP): Supports food security initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Ethiopia: Reports on political and human rights issues.
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW): Documents ethnic and political violence.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Ethiopian Anti-Corruption Commission: Works on governance reforms.
  • Transparency International Ethiopia: Advocates for accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Al-Shabaab: Regional terrorist group with occasional cross-border activity.
  • Oromo Liberation Army (OLA): Engaged in insurgency against the government.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: Political and ethnic conflicts contribute to security concerns.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and migration-related exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing digital fraud cases.
  • Drug Trafficking: Limited but growing as a transit country.

​Ethiopia remains a key player in African geopolitics, with a rapidly developing economy and significant cultural influence. However, political instability and ethnic conflicts pose ongoing challenges to its progress.
Gabon
​Summary Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. It is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Covering approximately 267,668 square kilometres, Gabon is rich in natural resources, including oil, timber, and manganese. Gabon has maintained political stability since gaining independence from France in 1960, though a single ruling party has dominated it for much of its post-independence history. Gabon has one of Africa’s highest per capita incomes due to its oil wealth, but economic diversification remains challenging.

History Before European contact, Gabon was inhabited by various Bantu-speaking peoples, including the Fang and Mylene. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region in the 15th century, followed by the French, who established colonial control in the late 19th century. Gabon gained independence from France in 1960. The country was ruled by President Omar Bongo from 1967 until he died in 2009, after which his son, Ali Bongo, took power. A military-led coup in 2023 removed Ali Bongo, signalling a potential shift in governance.

Geography
  • Location: Central Africa, bordered by Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 267,668 square kilometres.
  • Major Landforms: Rainforests, coastal plains, and the Ogooué River Basin.
  • Climate: Equatorial, with high humidity and heavy rainfall.
  • Natural Resources: Oil, manganese, gold, uranium, and timber.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Ogooué, Ivindo, and Lake Onangue.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 2.4 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Bantu, including Fang, Myene, Nzebi, and Punu.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French.
    • Widely Spoken: Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Punu, and other Bantu languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Roman Catholic and Protestant.
    • Islam: Small minority.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Some traditional spiritual practices persist.
  • Major Cities:
    • Libreville: Capital and largest city.
    • Port-Gentil: Economic and oil industry hub.
    • Franceville: Important regional centre.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to diverse wildlife, including gorillas, elephants, and leopards.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, poaching, and oil pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: Gabon has designated 13 national parks, covering 11% of its area.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Gabonese Armed Forces include the Army, Navy, Air Force, and National Gendarmerie.
  • International Partnerships: Works with France and participates in regional security initiatives.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC): Uses the CFA franc.
  • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS): Engages in regional economic and security matters.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • OPEC: Major oil-exporting country.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in sustainable energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial ties.
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development programs.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Bwiti Spiritual Practice: Indigenous spiritual belief system practised among the Fang and Mitsogo peoples.
  • Cultural Festivals: These include Gabon Independence Day and the Libreville International Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Gabonese Red Cross: Provides humanitarian aid and disaster response.
  • Bongo Ondimba Foundation: Supports health and education initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Gabon: Reports on political and civil rights issues.
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW): Monitors governance and human rights conditions.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Commission: Works to improve transparency.
  • Transparency International Gabon: Monitors corruption and governance reforms.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known active insurgent groups, but the country monitors regional security threats.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and fraud.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Growing concern, particularly financial fraud.
  • Drug Trafficking: Limited but increasing as a transit route.

​Gabon remains an oil-rich nation with significant conservation efforts, but governance challenges and economic diversification are key concerns for its long-term stability and growth.
Gambia
Summary The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is the smallest country on mainland Africa, located in West Africa. It is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coastline along the Atlantic Ocean. Covering approximately 11,295 square kilometres, The Gambia follows the course of the Gambia River, which runs through the country's centre. The country gained independence from Britain in 1965 and has experienced periods of political instability, including the 22-year rule of Yahya Jammeh (1994–2017). The Gambia is known for its agriculture, tourism, and remittances, but it remains one of the least developed countries in the region.
History The Gambia has been inhabited for thousands of years, with evidence of early trade networks linked to the Mali Empire. In the 15th century, Portuguese traders arrived, followed by the British, who established colonial rule in the 19th century. The country gained independence in 1965 under President Dawda Jawara. In 1994, Yahya Jammeh seized power in a coup and ruled until 2017, when he was removed through elections and international pressure. Since then, The Gambia has transitioned to democratic governance under President Adama Barrow.
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, surrounded by Senegal except for its Atlantic coast.
  • Total Area: Approximately 11,295 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Gambia River Basin, coastal plains, and savannas.
  • Climate: Tropical, with a rainy season from June to October and a dry season from November to May.
  • Natural Resources: Limited; includes fisheries, arable land, and mineral deposits.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Gambia River (central waterway of the country).
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 2.5 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Mandinka, Fula, Wolof, Jola, Serahule, and other smaller groups.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English.
    • Widely Spoken: Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, Jola, and Serahule.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Majority Sunni Muslim (over 90%).
    • Christianity: Minority, including Catholics and Protestants.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Some traditional practices coexist with Islam and Christianity.
  • Major Cities:
    • Banjul: Capital and administrative centre.
    • Serekunda: Largest city and economic hub.
    • Brikama: Key commercial and agricultural centre.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich in bird species, mangroves, and marine ecosystems.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, coastal erosion, and water pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks and protected areas, including Kiang West National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: The Gambia Armed Forces (GAF) include the Army, Navy, and National Guard.
  • International Partnerships: Works with ECOWAS and the United Nations on security matters.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Participates in regional trade and security.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member, reflecting its Muslim-majority population.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in renewable energy initiatives.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in development and peacekeeping programs.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Rejoined in 2018 after leaving in 2013.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Griot storytelling, kora music, and drumming.
  • Cultural Festivals: Roots Festival and Independence Day celebrations.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Gambian Red Cross Society: Provides humanitarian assistance.
  • Child Protection Alliance: Focuses on children's rights and welfare.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International The Gambia: Monitors civil liberties and political rights.
  • Gambia Center for Victims of Human Rights Violations: Supports justice for past abuses.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Anti-Corruption Commission: Works on governance reforms.
  • Transparency International The Gambia: Advocates for accountability and transparency.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known active terrorist groups, but security concerns remain over regional threats.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Pickpocketing and small-scale fraud are common in urban areas.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing financial fraud and internet scams.
  • Drug Trafficking: Growing concern as a transit point for illicit substances.

​The Gambia remains a developing nation with a growing tourism industry and efforts to strengthen democratic governance. Economic diversification and political stability are key to its long-term development.
Ghana
Summary Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a West African country bordered by Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Covering approximately 238,533 square kilometres, Ghana is known for its stable democracy, rich cultural heritage, and diverse economy. It was the first sub-Saharan African country to gain independence from colonial rule in 1957. Ghana has a growing economy driven by agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and a robust service sector.
History Ghana has a long history of powerful kingdoms, including the Ashanti Empire, which dominated the region before British colonization in the 19th century. It became the British colony of the Gold Coast before gaining independence on March 6, 1957, under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah. Since then, Ghana has transitioned through various political phases, including military coups and democratic rule. Today, it is one of Africa's most stable democracies.
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Togo, and the Gulf of Guinea.
  • Total Area: Approximately 238,533 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Coastal plains, rainforests, and the Volta Basin.
  • Climate: Tropical, with wet and dry seasons.
  • Natural Resources: Gold, oil, cocoa, timber, and bauxite.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Volta River, Lake Volta, Pra River, and Ankobra River.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 32 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Akan, Mole-Dagbani, Ewe, Ga-Dangme, and others.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English.
    • Widely Spoken: Twi, Ewe, Dagbani, Ga, and other local languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (over 70%).
    • Islam: Significant minority (about 18%).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in some rural areas.
  • Major Cities:
    • Accra: Capital and economic hub.
    • Kumasi: Cultural centre and former Ashanti capital.
    • Tamale: The largest city in the north.
    • Takoradi: Major port city.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Includes savannas, rainforests, and coastal ecosystems.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, illegal mining (galamsey), and coastal erosion.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas like Kakum National Park and Mole National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Ghana Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force).
  • International Partnerships: Contributes to UN peacekeeping missions and works with ECOWAS on regional security.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Key regional trade and politics player.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Headquarters located in Accra.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Observer): Significant oil producer but not a full member.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on solar and hydro energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development initiatives.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Associate member due to regional Francophone influence.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Festivals: Include Homowo, Akwasidae, and Hogbetsotso.
  • Cultural Heritage: Rich traditions in drumming, dance, and kente weaving.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Ghana Red Cross Society: Provides humanitarian aid.
  • Kwame Nkrumah Foundation: Focuses on education and development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Ghana: Reports on political and civil rights.
  • Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana): Promotes governance reforms.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ): Works on governance and anti-corruption.
  • Transparency International Ghana: Monitors corruption and transparency.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No major terrorist threats, but security is monitored due to regional instability in the Sahel.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including pickpocketing and scams.
  • Cybercrime: Growing issue with internet fraud cases.
  • Drug Trafficking: Used as a transit point for narcotics smuggling.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.

​Ghana remains one of Africa's most stable and promising economies, with strong democratic institutions and a diverse economic base. While governance and environmental protection challenges exist, the country continues to play a key role in regional and global affairs.
Guinea
Summary Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a West African country bordered by Guinea-Bissau and Senegal to the northwest, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the east, Liberia and Sierra Leone to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Covering approximately 245,857 square kilometres, Guinea is rich in natural resources, notably bauxite, gold, and diamonds. Despite its resource wealth, Guinea faces economic and political instability. Since gaining independence from France in 1958, the country has experienced military coups, authoritarian rule, and ongoing challenges related to governance and development.
History Guinea has a long history of powerful West African empires, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. The French colonized the area in the 19th century, and Guinea was the first French colony in Africa to gain independence, doing so in 1958 under President Ahmed Sékou Touré. His rule was marked by repression and economic struggles. After he died in 1984, Lansana Conté took power, ruling until 2008, when a military coup led by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara resulted in further instability. The country transitioned to democratic elections in 2010, but political tensions and military interventions continue to shape Guinea's governance.
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 245,857 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Guinea Highlands, Fouta Djallon Plateau, coastal plains, and the Niger River Basin.
  • Climate: Tropical, with a wet season (June–November) and a dry season (December–May).
  • Natural Resources: Bauxite, gold, diamonds, iron ore, hydropower potential.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Niger River, Konkouré River, Gambia River.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 13.5 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Fulani (Peul), Malinke (Mandinka), Soussou, and smaller ethnic groups.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French.
    • Widely Spoken: Fulani (Pular), Malinke, Soussou, and other local languages.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Majority (about 85%, mainly Sunni Muslim).
    • Christianity: Minority (about 8%).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced by some communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Conakry: Capital and largest city.
    • Kankan: Key regional and economic centre.
    • Labé: Important cultural and commercial hub in the Fouta Djallon region.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Guinea has diverse ecosystems, including forests, savannas, and mangroves.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, illegal mining, water pollution, and soil erosion.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas include the Ziama Massif Biosphere Reserve and Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: The Guinean Armed Forces include the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with ECOWAS, the African Union, and the United Nations on regional security issues.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Participates in regional trade and economic policies.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Mano River Union (MRU): Works with neighbouring countries on regional cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Engaged in hydropower development.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works to ensure responsible mining practices.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Participates in UN peacekeeping and development programs.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to historical ties with France.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Djembe drumming and griot storytelling traditions.
  • Cultural Festivals: Independence Day celebrations, Fête de la Musique.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Guinean Red Cross: Provides disaster relief and humanitarian assistance.
  • World Food Programme (WFP): Supports food security initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Guinea: Reports on civil rights and political freedoms.
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW): Monitors governance and human rights issues.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Agency (ANLC): Works on transparency and accountability.
  • Transparency International Guinea: Highlights governance and corruption challenges.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known active terrorist groups, though security concerns exist due to regional instability.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Theft and scams are common in urban areas.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Illegal Mining: A significant issue leading to environmental damage and economic losses.
  • Drug Trafficking: Guinea is a transit point for narcotics smuggling.

​Guinea remains a resource-rich country with economic potential but faces governance, security, and environmental challenges. Political stability and economic reforms will be crucial for sustainable development and growth.
​Guinea-Bissau
Summary Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a small West African country bordered by Senegal to the north, Guinea to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Covering approximately 36,125 square kilometres, Guinea-Bissau is known for its rich biodiversity, including the Bijagós Archipelago. The country gained independence from Portugal in 1973 after a protracted liberation war. Since independence, Guinea-Bissau has faced chronic political instability, military coups, and economic struggles. Despite its challenges, the country has a vibrant culture influenced by African, Portuguese, and indigenous traditions.

History Guinea-Bissau was once part of the Mali Empire and later a centre of the transatlantic slave trade. Portuguese colonization began in the 16th century, but complete control was only established in the late 19th century. The struggle for independence, led by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), resulted in Guinea-Bissau declaring independence in 1973. After the assassination of independence leader Amílcar Cabral, the country experienced frequent coups and political instability. Despite democratic elections, governance remains fragile due to corruption and military involvement in politics.
​
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Senegal, Guinea, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 36,125 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Coastal mangroves, savannas, and the Bijagós Archipelago.
  • Climate: Tropical, with a rainy season from June to November and a dry season from December to May.
  • Natural Resources: Bauxite, timber, fisheries, and arable land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Geba River, Cacheu River, and Corubal River.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 2 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Balanta, Fula, Mandinka, Papel, and Manjaco, among others.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Portuguese.
    • Widely Spoken: Crioulo (Portuguese-based Creole), Balanta, Fula, Mandinka.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Majority Sunni Muslim population (around 45%).
    • Christianity: Catholic and Protestant minorities (about 22%).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced by a portion of the population.
  • Major Cities:
    • Bissau: Capital and largest city.
    • Bafatá: Important regional centre.
    • Gabú: The largest city in the eastern region.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich ecosystems, including mangroves, rainforests, and marine life.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, illegal fishing, and soil degradation.
  • Conservation Efforts: Bijagós Archipelago was designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Guinea-Bissau Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force).
  • International Partnerships: Works with ECOWAS and the United Nations on peacekeeping and security matters.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Engages in regional trade and development initiatives.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Participant.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP): Member due to Portuguese colonial heritage.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in energy development.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development programs.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Observer due to regional Francophone influence.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Gumbe and kora music are popular.
  • Cultural Festivals: Carnival of Bissau, Tabanca Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Guinea-Bissau Red Cross: Provides humanitarian assistance.
  • World Food Programme (WFP): Supports food security efforts.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Guinea-Bissau: Monitors political and human rights conditions.
  • Human Rights League of Guinea-Bissau: Advocates for civil liberties.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Commission: Works on transparency and governance.
  • Transparency International Guinea-Bissau: Monitors corruption issues.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No major terrorist threats, but political instability affects national security.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and scams.
  • Drug Trafficking: A known transit point for international narcotics smuggling.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.
  • Illegal Fishing: Depleting marine resources due to weak enforcement.

​Guinea-Bissau remains a politically unstable but culturally vibrant country. While economic opportunities exist in agriculture and fisheries, governance reforms and political stability are crucial for long-term development.
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
Summary Côte d'Ivoire, commonly known as Ivory Coast, is a West African country bordered by Liberia and Guinea to the west, Mali and Burkina Faso to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Covering approximately 322,463 square kilometres, it is one of Africa's leading economies, particularly in agriculture and trade. Côte d'Ivoire gained independence from France in 1960 and has since experienced political and economic fluctuations, including civil wars in the early 2000s. Today, it is a key regional power, with Abidjan as a central economic hub.

History Côte d'Ivoire was historically part of powerful West African empires, including the Mali and Songhai empires. The French colonized the region in the late 19th century, incorporating it into French West Africa. Independence was achieved in 1960 under President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who led the country for over three decades. Following his death in 1993, political tensions led to civil wars (2002–2007, 2010–2011). The country has stabilized, with economic growth driven by cocoa, coffee, and oil exports.

Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 322,463 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Coastal lagoons, forests, savannas, and the Mount Nimba range.
  • Climate: Tropical, with wet and dry seasons.
  • Natural Resources: Cocoa, coffee, oil, gold, and timber.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Bandama River, Sassandra River, and Lake Kossou.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 27 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Akan, Krou, Mandé, Gur, and other smaller groups.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French.
    • Widely Spoken: Baoulé, Dioula, Bété, Sénoufo, and other indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Approximately 42% (mainly Sunni).
    • Christianity: Around 39% (Catholic and Protestant).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced by some communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Abidjan: Economic capital and largest city.
    • Yamoussoukro: Political capital.
    • Bouaké: Major commercial and agricultural centre.
    • San Pedro: Key port city.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich in rainforests, wildlife, and marine ecosystems.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, pollution, and desertification.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks such as Taï National Park and Comoé National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Ivorian Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie).
  • International Partnerships: Works with ECOWAS, the UN, and France on security matters.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Key participant in regional trade.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA): Uses the CFA franc.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on renewable energy projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Ensures responsible mining and oil extraction.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development programs.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial ties.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Zouglou and coupé-décalé are popular music styles.
  • Cultural Festivals: Fêtes des Masques in Man, Abissa Festival in Grand-Bassam.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Red Cross Côte d'Ivoire: Provides humanitarian aid.
  • Fondation Houphouët-Boigny: Focuses on peace and education.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Côte d'Ivoire: Reports on civil rights and governance.
  • Ivorian League for Human Rights (LIDHO): Advocates for political and social rights.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • High Authority for Good Governance (HABG): Works on transparency reforms.
  • Transparency International Côte d'Ivoire: Monitors corruption issues.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: Faces threats from Sahel-based terrorist groups, including Al-Qaeda-linked militants.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and scams.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of child labour in cocoa production.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing digital fraud cases.
  • Drug Trafficking: Used as a transit point for narcotics smuggling.

​Côte d'Ivoire remains a key economic and political force in West Africa, with strong agricultural exports and a growing infrastructure sector. While security and governance challenges persist, the country continues progressing in economic development and regional leadership.
Kenya
Summary Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is an East African country bordered by Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, and South Sudan to the northwest, with a coastline along the Indian Ocean. Covering approximately 580,367 square kilometres, Kenya is known for its diverse landscapes, rich wildlife, and economic significance in the region. The country gained independence from Britain in 1963 and has since developed into a regional economic and diplomatic powerhouse, with Nairobi serving as a significant commercial and international hub.
History Kenya has a long history of human habitation, with some of the oldest fossilized human remains found in the Great Rift Valley. The region was influenced by Arab and Persian traders along the Swahili coast before coming under Portuguese, Omani, and later British colonial rule. Kenya gained independence in 1963 under the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta. The country has since experienced periods of political and economic reform, interethnic tensions, and challenges related to governance and security. Today, Kenya is a multiparty democracy with a growing economy.
Geography
  • Location: East Africa, bordered by Ethiopia, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and the Indian Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 580,367 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Great Rift Valley, Mount Kenya, savannas, and coastal plains.
  • Climate: Varies from tropical along the coast to arid in the north and temperate in central highlands.
  • Natural Resources: Tea, coffee, wildlife, limestone, soda ash, and oil reserves.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Tana River, Ewaso Ng’iro River, Lake Victoria, Lake Turkana, and Lake Naivasha.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 54 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Kikuyu, Luhya, Luo, Kalenjin, Kamba, Somali, Maasai, and others.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English and Swahili.
    • Widely Spoken: Various indigenous languages, including Kikuyu, Luo, and Kalenjin.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (about 85%).
    • Islam: Significant minority (about 11%).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced by some communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Nairobi: Capital and economic centre.
    • Mombasa: Major port city and tourist destination.
    • Kisumu: Key trade hub on Lake Victoria.
    • Nakuru: Agricultural and commercial centre.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to wildlife reserves and national parks, including the Maasai Mara, Amboseli, and Tsavo.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, water scarcity, land degradation, and poaching.
  • Conservation Efforts: Strong eco-tourism industry and wildlife conservation initiatives.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) include the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: The department collaborates with the UN, the African Union, and the United States on regional security and counterterrorism efforts.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • East African Community (EAC): Key member promoting regional integration.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Participates in trade agreements.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD): Works on regional political stability and security.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on solar, wind, and geothermal energy projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Engages in responsible resource extraction.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Hosts the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) headquarters in Nairobi.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Features Benga, Taarab, and Maasai tribal dances.
  • Cultural Festivals: Lamu Cultural Festival, Maralal Camel Derby, and the Lake Turkana Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Kenya Red Cross Society: Provides disaster relief and humanitarian aid.
  • Safaricom Foundation: Supports health, education, and technology development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC): Monitors civil rights and governance.
  • Amnesty International Kenya: Reports on political and social justice issues.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC): Works on governance and transparency.
  • Transparency International Kenya: Advocates for anti-corruption measures.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Al-Shabaab: Somalia-based extremist group responsible for attacks in Kenya.
  • Other Criminal Networks: Human trafficking and arms smuggling concerns.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including pickpocketing and fraud.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing incidents of digital financial fraud.
  • Drug Trafficking: Kenya serves as a transit hub for narcotics.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.

​Kenya remains a regional economic and political leader with strong trade and diplomatic ties. While security and governance challenges persist, its economic growth, cultural richness, and environmental conservation efforts make it a key player in East Africa.
Lesotho
Summary Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, surrounded by South Africa. Covering approximately 30,355 square kilometres, Lesotho is known for its mountainous terrain, with more than 80% of its land above 1,800 meters. The country gained independence from Britain in 1966 and is a constitutional monarchy. Lesotho’s economy relies on agriculture, textiles, water exports, and remittances from workers in South Africa. Despite economic challenges, Lesotho maintains a unique cultural identity and is a key water supplier to its larger neighbour through the Lesotho Highlands Water Project.
History Lesotho’s history dates back to the early 19th century when King Moshoeshoe I unified various Sotho clans to resist external threats. The kingdom sought British protection in 1868 to avoid annexation by the Boers. It remained a British protectorate until gaining independence in 1966. Since then, Lesotho has experienced political instability, including military coups and election-related tensions. However, democratic governance has gradually strengthened in recent years.
Geography
  • Location: Southern Africa, which South Africa is surrounded by.
  • Total Area: Approximately 30,355 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Drakensberg and Maloti Mountains, Senqu River Valley.
  • Climate: Temperate, with cold winters and hot summers.
  • Natural Resources: Water, diamonds, and agricultural land.
  • The Senqu (Orange) River, Mohokare River, and Katse Dam are significant rivers and lakes.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 2.3 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Basotho.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Sesotho and English.
    • Widely Spoken: Zulu and Xhosa in some regions.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority Roman Catholic and Protestant.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in rural areas.
  • Major Cities:
    • Maseru: Capital and largest city.
    • Teyateyaneng: Regional trade centre.
    • Mafeteng: Important agricultural hub.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Includes high-altitude grasslands, unique bird species, and wetlands.
  • Environmental Challenges: Soil erosion, deforestation, and climate change impact.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Sehlabathebe National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Lesotho Defence Force (LDF), including the Army and Air Wing.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union and SADC on regional security.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Southern African Customs Union (SACU): Member benefiting from trade agreements with South Africa.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Participates in regional economic and security initiatives.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on hydro and solar energy projects.
  • Lesotho Highlands Water Project: A major supplier of water to South Africa.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in development and humanitarian initiatives.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Basotho Culture: Includes blanket-wearing, pony riding, and stick fighting.
  • Cultural Festivals: Morija Arts & Cultural Festival, Independence Day celebrations.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Lesotho Red Cross Society: Provides disaster relief and humanitarian aid.
  • Sentebale Foundation: Supports vulnerable children, co-founded by Prince Harry.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Transformation Resource Centre (TRC): Works on governance and social justice issues.
  • Lesotho Human Rights Commission: Monitors civil liberties.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Directorate on Corruption and Economic Offences (DCEO): Works on anti-corruption measures.
  • Transparency International Lesotho: Advocates for accountability and governance reforms.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known terrorist or insurgent threats.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and fraud.
  • Human Trafficking: Concerns over forced labour and child exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Emerging digital financial fraud cases.
  • Cross-Border Smuggling: Issues with illegal trade along the South African border.

​Lesotho remains a unique African kingdom with strong cultural traditions and an evolving democracy. While economic and political challenges persist, the country continues to work toward stability, economic growth, and regional cooperation.
Liberia
​Summary Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a West African country bordered by Sierra Leone to the northwest, Guinea to the north, Côte d'Ivoire to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Covering approximately 111,369 square kilometres, Liberia is known for being Africa's first republic, founded in 1847 by freed African Americans from the United States. The country experienced two civil wars between 1989 and 2003, significantly impacting its economy and infrastructure. Today, Liberia continues to rebuild, with agriculture, mining, and shipping as key economic sectors.

History Liberia was founded in the early 19th century by freed African Americans through the American Colonization Society. Declaring independence in 1847, it remained a stable republic for over a century. However, tensions between Americo-Liberians and indigenous groups led to conflicts, culminating in two devastating civil wars from 1989 to 1996 and 1999 to 2003. Following the peace agreement 2003, Liberia transitioned to democratic governance, with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf becoming Africa's first female president in 2006. Since then, efforts have been made toward national reconstruction and economic recovery.
​
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 111,369 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Coastal plains, rainforests, and plateaus.
  • Climate: Tropical, with a wet season from May to October and a dry season from November to April.
  • Natural Resources: Timber, iron ore, diamonds, gold, rubber, and fisheries.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Saint Paul River, Cavalla River, Mano River, Lake Piso.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 5.2 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Mano, Kru, Grebo, and Americo-Liberians.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English.
    • Widely Spoken: Kpelle, Bassa, and other indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (about 85%).
    • Islam: Minority (about 12%).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in some rural areas.
  • Major Cities:
    • Monrovia: Capital and largest city.
    • Gbarnga: Regional trade hub.
    • Buchanan: Key port city.
    • Harper: Southeastern coastal town.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Includes rainforests, mangroves, and unique wildlife such as pygmy hippos.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, coastal erosion, illegal mining, and pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas like Sapo National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL), restructured after the civil war.
  • International Partnerships: Works with ECOWAS, the United Nations, and the United States on security matters.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Engages in regional trade and development initiatives.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Mano River Union (MRU): Cooperates with neighbouring countries on economic and security issues.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in energy development.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on responsible resource extraction.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in development and peacekeeping missions.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Not a member but has historical ties to English-speaking West Africa.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Drum-based music, folk storytelling, and cultural festivals.
  • Cultural Festivals: National Independence Day (July 26), Poro and Sande secret society ceremonies.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Liberia Red Cross Society: Provides disaster relief and humanitarian aid.
  • Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Presidential Center for Women and Development: Focuses on leadership and empowerment.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Liberia: Monitors civil liberties.
  • Liberia Human Rights Commission: Advocates for governance reforms.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission (LACC): Works to combat corruption and improve governance.
  • Transparency International Liberia: Monitors public sector accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No active insurgencies, though regional instability in West Africa poses security concerns.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and scams.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.
  • Drug Trafficking: Emerging transit point for narcotics smuggling.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing incidents of financial fraud.

​Liberia continues to rebuild from past conflicts, with a growing democracy and economic development efforts. While challenges remain in governance, infrastructure, and social services, the country is progressing in regional integration and economic recovery.
Libya
Summary Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a North African country bordered by Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, Algeria and Tunisia to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. Covering approximately 1.76 million square kilometres, Libya is the fourth-largest country in Africa. It has vast oil reserves, making it one of the richest in resources, but it has struggled with political instability and conflict since the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011. The country remains divided, with rival factions competing for control while efforts for national reconciliation continue.
History Libya has a rich history influenced by various civilizations, including the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and Berbers. It was part of the Ottoman Empire before becoming an Italian colony in 1911. Libya gained independence in 1951 under King Idris I. In 1969, Muammar Gaddafi seized power, ruling until 2011, when he was ousted during a NATO-backed uprising. Since then, Libya has faced political fragmentation, with rival governments and militias vying for power despite UN-led peace efforts.
Geography
  • Location: North Africa, bordered by Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Algeria, Tunisia, and the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Total Area: Approximately 1,759,541 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Sahara Desert, Cyrenaica Plateau, Tripolitania coastal plains.
  • Climate: Arid desert climate, with Mediterranean conditions along the coast.
  • Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, gypsum, and salt.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: There are no permanent rivers; the key water source is the Great Man-Made River project.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 7 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Arab-Berber, with Tuareg and Tebu minorities.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Arabic.
    • Widely Spoken: Berber, English, and Italian in some areas.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Sunni Muslim (majority).
    • Christianity and Other Faiths: Small expatriate communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Tripoli: Capital and largest city.
    • Benghazi: Major commercial and political centre.
    • Misrata: Key industrial and port city.
    • Sebha: An important city in southern Libya.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Includes desert flora, Mediterranean coastal ecosystems, and some wildlife such as gazelles.
  • Environmental Challenges: Desertification, water scarcity, and oil pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: Limited due to ongoing conflicts; some nature reserves exist.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Libyan National Army (LNA) and Government of National Unity (GNU) forces.
  • International Partnerships: UN-backed ceasefire efforts, African Union peace initiatives.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Observer status.
  • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Member.
  • Arab Maghreb Union (UMA): Member, though inactive.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Member with limited influence due to internal divisions.
  • League of Arab States: Active participant.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • OPEC: Major oil-exporting country.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engaged in peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Observer status.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Libyan Heritage: Influences from Berber, Arab, and Mediterranean cultures.
  • Cultural Festivals: Ghadames Festival and Berber New Year celebrations.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Libyan Red Crescent: Provides humanitarian aid.
  • UNICEF Libya: Supports education and child welfare.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Libya: Reports on political and civil rights.
  • Libyan Human Rights Organization: Monitors human rights violations.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Authority: Works on governance issues.
  • Transparency International Libya: Monitors corruption and public sector transparency.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • ISIS-Libya: Previously active but significantly weakened.
  • Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM): Regional threat.
Crime Statistics
  • Human Trafficking: Libya is a central transit hub for migrants to Europe.
  • Arms Smuggling: Proliferation of weapons due to past conflicts.
  • Drug Trafficking: Increasing due to instability.
  • Kidnappings and Organized Crime: Prevalent in conflict zones.

​Libya remains a country in transition, with ongoing efforts to establish a unified government and rebuild its economy. While its vast oil wealth presents development opportunities, political stability remains a key challenge for the nation’s future.
Madagascar
Summary Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. It is the fourth-largest island in the world, covering approximately 587,041 square kilometres. Known for its unique biodiversity, Madagascar is home to species found nowhere else on Earth. The country gained independence from France in 1960 and has experienced political instability, economic challenges, and ongoing efforts toward sustainable development. Agriculture, mining, and tourism are key economic sectors.
History Madagascar was settled by Austronesian seafarers around 500 CE, later influenced by African, Arab, and European traders. The Merina Kingdom unified much of the island in the 19th century before falling under French colonial rule in 1896. The country gained independence in 1960 but has faced political instability, including coups and contested elections. Recent governments have focused on economic reforms and conservation efforts while addressing social and environmental challenges.
Geography
  • Location: Indian Ocean, off the southeastern coast of Africa.
  • Total Area: Approximately 587,041 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Central highlands, rainforests, dry savannas, and coastal plains.
  • Climate: Tropical along the coast, temperate inland, and arid in the south.
  • Natural Resources: Nickel, cobalt, gold, graphite, fish, and agricultural products.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Betsiboka River, Mangoky River, Alaotra Lake.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 28 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Malagasy (composed of various subgroups), Indo-Malagasy, French, and Comorian minorities.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Malagasy and French.
    • Widely Spoken: English is growing, particularly in business and tourism.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Catholic and Protestant.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Ancestral worship and traditional spirituality.
    • Islam: Small minority.
  • Major Cities:
    • Antananarivo: Capital and largest city.
    • Toamasina: Major port city.
    • Antsirabe: Important industrial and agricultural hub.
    • Mahajanga: Commercial and tourism centre.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Over 90% of Madagascar’s wildlife, including lemurs, baobab trees, and unique reptiles, is found nowhere else.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, illegal wildlife trade, and climate change effects.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks such as Andasibe-Mantadia and Ranomafana and international conservation programs.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Madagascar People’s Armed Forces, including the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union and regional security groups.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Participates in regional trade agreements.
  • Indian Ocean Commission (IOC): Works on maritime and economic cooperation.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Works on economic and security matters.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in renewable energy development.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works to improve mining sector governance.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping, development, and environmental programs.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial ties.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Malagasy Practices: Strong ancestral veneration and community rituals.
  • Cultural Festivals: Famadihana (turning of the bones), Santabary rice festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Madagascar Red Cross: Provides humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
  • World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Madagascar: Focuses on conservation and sustainable development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Madagascar: Reports on civil rights and governance.
  • Malagasy Human Rights Commission: Monitors social justice and civil liberties.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Bureau of Independent Anti-Corruption (BIANCO): Works on governance transparency.
  • Transparency International Madagascar: Advocates for anti-corruption measures.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known terrorist threats, but piracy remains a concern in regional waters.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including pickpocketing and theft.
  • Illegal Logging and Wildlife Trafficking: Threatens biodiversity.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Growing financial fraud cases.

​Madagascar remains a unique country with vast natural wealth and cultural heritage. While facing economic and environmental challenges, ongoing reforms and conservation efforts are key to sustainable development and stability.
Malawi
Summary Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeastern Africa, bordered by Tanzania to the north and northeast, Mozambique to the east, south, and west, and Zambia to the west. Covering approximately 118,484 square kilometres, Malawi is known for its stunning landscapes, including Lake Malawi, which dominates much of its geography. The country gained independence from Britain in 1964 and has since transitioned from single-party rule to a stable democracy. Malawi’s economy relies heavily on agriculture; tobacco, tea, and sugar are key exports. Despite economic growth, Malawi remains one of the least developed nations, facing poverty, health, and education challenges.
History Malawi’s history dates back to the early Bantu migrations, followed by the establishment of the Maravi Confederacy in the 15th century. The region became part of the British Protectorate of Nyasaland in 1891. Under the leadership of Hastings Kamuzu Banda, Malawi gained independence in 1964 and remained under his autocratic rule until 1994, when multi-party democracy was introduced. Since then, Malawi has held regular elections, though political instability and economic struggles persist.
Geography
  • Location: Southeastern Africa, bordered by Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zambia.
  • Total Area: Approximately 118,484 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Great Rift Valley, Shire Highlands, and Nyika Plateau.
  • Climate: Subtropical, with wet and dry seasons.
  • Natural Resources: Uranium, coal, bauxite, limestone, and arable land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Lake Malawi, Shire River, Ruo River.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 20 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Chewa, Lomwe, Yao, Tumbuka, Sena, and Ngoni.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English and Chichewa.
    • Widely Spoken: Yao, Tumbuka, and other indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (Catholic and Protestant).
    • Islam: Significant minority (mainly Sunni Muslim).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in rural areas.
  • Major Cities:
    • Lilongwe: Capital and largest city.
    • Blantyre: Commercial and financial hub.
    • Mzuzu: Key city in the northern region.
    • Zomba: Former capital and academic centre.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich wildlife, including cichlid fish, elephants, and baobab trees.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, overfishing, and soil erosion.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas like Liwonde National Park and Lake Malawi National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Malawi Defence Force (MDF), including the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with SADC and the African Union on regional security.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Participates in regional trade agreements.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Engages in economic and security cooperation.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • East African Community (EAC) (Observer): Considering deeper regional integration.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on hydropower and solar energy projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Monitors resource management.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in humanitarian and development programs.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Gule Wamkulu (Chewa masked dance) and Beni dance.
  • Cultural Festivals: Lake of Stars Music Festival, Mulhako wa Alhomwe Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Malawi Red Cross Society: Provides disaster relief and healthcare support.
  • Mary’s Meals Malawi: Works on food security and education programs.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Malawi Human Rights Commission: Promotes civil liberties and governance reforms.
  • Amnesty International Malawi: Reports on political and social justice issues.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB): Works to combat corruption and improve governance.
  • Transparency International Malawi: Monitors corruption and promotes accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known terrorist threats, though regional instability poses security concerns.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including pickpocketing and theft.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing incidents of digital financial fraud.
  • Drug Trafficking: Growing transit point for narcotics in Southern Africa.

​Malawi remains a peaceful and culturally rich country with economic potential, though it faces challenges in poverty reduction and infrastructure development. Ongoing governance reforms and investment in key sectors like agriculture and tourism are crucial for sustainable growth.
Mali
Summary Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the north, Niger to the east, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire to the south, Guinea to the southwest, and Senegal and Mauritania to the west. Covering approximately 1,240,192 square kilometres, Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa. Historically, the country was home to great empires such as the Mali and Songhai Empires, and it gained independence from France in 1960. Despite its rich cultural heritage and natural resources, Mali has faced political instability, security threats from terrorist groups, and economic challenges.
History Mali was once the centre of powerful African empires, including the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empires, which controlled trans-Saharan trade. The region fell under French colonial rule in the late 19th century, becoming part of French West Africa. Mali gained independence in 1960, initially forming a short-lived federation with Senegal. The country has experienced multiple military coups, with recent instability following a 2012 insurgency in the north and successive coups in 2020 and 2021. Ongoing security challenges, including jihadist insurgencies, affect governance and development.
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Algeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal, and Mauritania.
  • Total Area: Approximately 1,240,192 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Sahara Desert in the north, Niger River Basin, Sahel region.
  • Climate: Mostly arid to semi-arid, with a tropical climate in the south.
  • Natural Resources: Gold, uranium, salt, limestone, and agricultural land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Niger River, Senegal River, Lake Faguibine.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 21 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Bambara, Fulani (Peul), Dogon, Tuareg, Songhai, Malinke, and others.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French.
    • Widely Spoken: Bambara, Fulani, Songhai, Tamasheq, and other local languages.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: The majority (about 95%) is predominantly Sunni.
    • Christianity and Indigenous Beliefs: Small minorities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Bamako: Capital and largest city.
    • Sikasso: Agricultural hub.
    • Timbuktu: Historic centre of Islamic learning.
    • Gao: Key city in northern Mali.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to Sahelian wildlife, including antelopes, hippos, and desert flora.
  • Environmental Challenges: Desertification, deforestation, and water scarcity.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as the Boucle du Baoulé National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Malian Armed Forces (FAMa), including the Army, Air Force, and National Guard.
  • International Partnerships: Engaged with African Union, ECOWAS, and Russian military cooperation.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Engages in regional trade and diplomacy.
  • West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA): Uses the CFA franc as currency.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • G5 Sahel: Regional security alliance.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on solar and hydropower projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Promotes responsible mining practices.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Previously hosted MINUSMA peacekeeping mission (withdrawn in 2023).
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial ties.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Griot storytelling, kora music, and Tuareg blues.
  • Cultural Festivals: Festival au Désert, Segou’ Art Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Malian Red Cross: Provides humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
  • Aga Khan Foundation Mali: Supports education and rural development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Mali: Monitors civil rights and governance.
  • Malian Association for Human Rights (AMDH): Advocates for democracy and justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Office of the Auditor General (BVG): Works on governance and financial transparency.
  • Transparency International Mali: Monitors corruption and promotes accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM): Al-Qaeda-affiliated group active in the Sahel.
  • Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS): Operates in Mali and neighbouring countries.
  • Tuareg Separatist Movements: Some factions remain active despite peace agreements.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: Armed attacks and kidnappings in conflict zones.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Drug Trafficking: Mali is a transit point for illicit drugs.
  • Illegal Arms Trade: Widespread due to ongoing conflicts.

​Mali remains a country of cultural and historical significance but faces severe security, governance, and economic challenges. Efforts toward peace, political stabilization, and sustainable development remain key priorities for the nation's future.
Mauritania
Summary Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a North African country on the Atlantic coast. It is bordered by Western Sahara to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest. Covering approximately 1,030,700 square kilometres, Mauritania is mostly desert and sparsely populated. It gained independence from France in 1960 and has since experienced military coups and political instability. The country relies on mining, agriculture, and fishing for economic growth while facing challenges such as desertification, poverty, and human rights concerns.
History Mauritania has a long history of Berber, Arab, and African influences, with trade routes crossing the Sahara since ancient times. It was part of various Islamic kingdoms before becoming a French colony in the early 20th century. Mauritania gained independence in 1960 under President Moktar Ould Daddah. Since then, the country has experienced several military coups, with the most recent democratic transition occurring in 2019. Slavery, which persists in some forms, remains a human rights issue despite its official abolition.
Geography
  • Location: North Africa, bordered by Western Sahara, Algeria, Mali, Senegal, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 1,030,700 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Sahara Desert, coastal plains, Sahel region.
  • Climate: Arid desert climate, with extreme heat and minimal rainfall.
  • Natural Resources: Iron ore, gold, copper, fish, and petroleum.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Senegal River, seasonal lakes and oases.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 4.8 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Moors (Arab-Berber), Black Mauritanians (Haalpulaar, Soninke, Wolof, and Bambara).
  • Languages:
    • Official: Arabic.
    • Widely Spoken: Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof, and French.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Sunni Muslim (nearly 100%).
  • Major Cities:
    • Nouakchott: Capital and largest city.
    • Nouadhibou: Major fishing and trade port.
    • Kaédi: Key agricultural centre.
    • Zouerate: Mining hub.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Includes desert wildlife, such as gazelles, jackals, and marine species along the coast.
  • Environmental Challenges: Desertification, droughts, and overfishing.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Banc d'Arguin National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Mauritanian Armed Forces, including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the G5 Sahel, African Union, and France on counterterrorism efforts.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Arab Maghreb Union (UMA): Inactive member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (Observer): Engages in regional trade.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • Arab League: Member due to cultural and historical ties.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on resource governance.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in solar and wind energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in humanitarian and development programs.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to colonial history.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Islamic Influence: Strong Islamic scholarship and cultural practices.
  • Cultural Festivals: Nouakchott Cultural Festival is a traditional desert music event.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Mauritanian Red Crescent: Provides humanitarian aid.
  • World Food Programme (WFP): Supports food security efforts.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Mauritania: Reports on civil rights and governance issues.
  • Initiative for the Resurgence of the Abolitionist Movement (IRA): Focuses on anti-slavery activism.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Commission: Works on transparency and governance.
  • Transparency International Mauritania: Monitors corruption and public accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM): Threatens border regions, though attacks have decreased.
  • ISIS-Sahel: Regional extremist presence.
Crime Statistics
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and slavery-like practices.
  • Drug Trafficking: Used as a transit point for international narcotics.
  • Petty Crime: Theft and fraud in urban areas.
  • Illegal Fishing: Affects the economy and marine biodiversity.

​Mauritania remains strategically important in the Sahel region, balancing economic potential with security and human rights challenges. While the government seeks to improve stability and economic growth, further governance and human rights reforms are essential for long-term development.
Mauritius
​Summary Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, about 2,000 kilometres off the southeast coast of Africa. The country comprises the main island of Mauritius, Rodrigues, and several smaller islands. Covering approximately 2,040 square kilometres, Mauritius is known for its stable democracy, high-income economy, and diverse cultural heritage. Since gaining independence from Britain in 1968, Mauritius has transformed from an agrarian economy to a financial, tourism, and manufacturing hub.

History Uninhabited until the arrival of the Portuguese in the early 16th century, Mauritius was later colonized by the Dutch, French, and British. The island gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1968 and became a republic in 1992. Mauritius has maintained political stability, allowing it to develop a strong economy and a reputation for good governance and investment-friendly policies.

Geography
  • Location: Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar.
  • Total Area: Approximately 2,040 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Coastal plains, central plateau, volcanic mountains.
  • Climate: Tropical maritime, with warm summers and mild winters.
  • Natural Resources: Arable land, fish, and renewable energy potential.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Grand River South East, Mare aux Vacoas (largest reservoir).
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 1.3 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Indo-Mauritian, Creole, Sino-Mauritian, Franco-Mauritian.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English.
    • Widely Spoken: French, Mauritian Creole, Bhojpuri, Tamil, Hindi, Urdu, Chinese.
  • Religion:
    • Hinduism: Largest religion.
    • Christianity: Significant minority (Catholic and Protestant).
    • Islam: Practiced by a portion of the population.
  • Major Cities:
    • Port Louis: Capital and financial centre.
    • Curepipe: Key commercial and residential area.
    • Beau Bassin-Rose Hill: Important urban hub.
    • Vacoas-Phoenix: Industrial and residential town.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to endemic species such as the Mauritian kestrel and pink pigeon.
  • Environmental Challenges: Coastal erosion, habitat loss, and waste management.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Black River Gorges National Park and Ile aux Aigrettes.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: No standing army; the Mauritius Police Force and Special Mobile Force manage security.
  • International Partnerships: Collaborates with India, France, and regional bodies on maritime security.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Engages in regional trade.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Participates in economic and political initiatives.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Indian Ocean Commission (IOC): Engages in maritime and economic cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in sustainable energy initiatives.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in development and environmental programs.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to historical and linguistic ties with France.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Festivals: Thaipoosam Cavadee, Diwali, Eid-ul-Fitr, Christmas.
  • Cultural Heritage: A blend of Indian, African, French, and Chinese influences in music, dance, and cuisine.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Mauritius Red Cross Society: Provides humanitarian aid.
  • Mauritius Wildlife Foundation: Focuses on conservation and biodiversity protection.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Mauritius: Monitors civil rights and governance issues.
  • Mauritius Human Rights Commission: Works on legal and social justice matters.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC): Works on anti-corruption measures.
  • Transparency International Mauritius: Promotes governance and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known terrorist threats; the country is politically stable.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Low but includes pickpocketing in tourist areas.
  • Financial Crimes: Some concerns over money laundering and cybercrime.
  • Drug Trafficking: Growing issue with synthetic drugs.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.

​Mauritius continues to be a model of economic and political stability in Africa, leveraging its strategic location, tourism industry, and financial sector for sustained growth. Environmental sustainability and economic diversification remain key priorities for the future.
Morocco
Summary Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a North African country bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Algeria to the east, and Western Sahara to the south. It covers approximately 446,550 square kilometres (excluding Western Sahara). Morocco has a rich cultural heritage, blending Arab, Berber, and European influences. The country gained independence from France and Spain in 1956 and has since developed into one of Africa’s most stable economies, with tourism, agriculture, and mining as key sectors.
History Morocco has been inhabited since prehistoric times and was home to Berber dynasties before the Arab conquest in the 7th century. It later became part of the Almoravid, Almohad, and Saadi dynasties, influencing Spain and North Africa. In the 20th century, Morocco was a French and Spanish protectorate until gaining independence in 1956. King Hassan II ruled until 1999, succeeded by King Mohammed VI, who pursued economic and social reforms while maintaining monarchy-led governance.
Geography
  • Location: North Africa, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Algeria, and Western Sahara.
  • Total Area: Approximately 446,550 square kilometres (710,850 square kilometres, including Western Sahara).
  • Major Landforms: Atlas Mountains, Rif Mountains, Sahara Desert, coastal plains.
  • Climate: Mediterranean along the coast, arid and desert-like in the interior.
  • Natural Resources: Phosphates, fish, minerals, and agricultural products.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Sebou River, Oum Er-Rbia River, Tensift River.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 37 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Arab-Berber, with sub-Saharan African and European minorities.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Arabic and Berber (Amazigh).
    • Widely Spoken: French Spanish in northern regions.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim (over 99%).
    • Christianity and Judaism: Small minorities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Rabat: Capital and political centre.
    • Casablanca: Economic hub and largest city.
    • Marrakech: Major tourist and cultural destination.
    • Fes: Historic centre of learning and religion.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich in coastal, desert, and mountainous ecosystems.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, desertification, water scarcity, pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: Toubkal National Park and Al Hoceima National Park are protected areas.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Royal Moroccan Armed Forces, including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Strong ties with the U.S., France, and Gulf countries, as well as members of the African Union and Arab League.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Engaged in regional trade agreements.
  • Union for the Mediterranean: Works on economic cooperation with Europe and Africa.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Rejoined in 2017 after leaving in 1984 over Western Sahara disputes.
  • Arab Maghreb Union (UMA): Member, though largely inactive.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Leading solar and wind energy initiatives.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on resource management transparency.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in diplomatic and development initiatives.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to historical and linguistic ties with France.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional festivals include the Mawazine Music Festival, Marrakech International Film Festival, and Islamic holidays.
  • Cultural Heritage: Andalusian, Berber, and Arabic influences in architecture, cuisine, and music.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Mohammed V Foundation for Solidarity: Focuses on social development projects.
  • Moroccan Red Crescent: Provides humanitarian assistance.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Morocco: Reports on civil liberties and governance.
  • Moroccan Association for Human Rights (AMDH): Advocates for social justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Authority for Integrity and Prevention of Corruption (INPPLC): Works on transparency.
  • Transparency International Morocco: Monitors governance and public accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No major terrorist presence, but authorities remain vigilant against extremist threats.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Pickpocketing and scams in tourist areas.
  • Drug Trafficking: Transit hub for cannabis and cocaine.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and migration issues.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing incidents of digital financial fraud.

​Morocco remains a key regional player with a strong economy, political stability, and cultural significance. While challenges exist in governance and environmental sustainability, reforms and economic development continue to position Morocco as a leading nation in North Africa.
Mozambique
​Summary Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a southeastern African country bordered by Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, South Africa and Eswatini to the southwest, and the Indian Ocean to the east. Covering approximately 801,590 square kilometres, Mozambique is known for its long coastline, rich cultural heritage, and significant natural resources. It gained independence from Portugal in 1975 and experienced a prolonged civil war (1977–1992). Today, Mozambique is developing rapidly but faces challenges such as poverty, insurgency in the north, and climate-related disasters.

History Bantu-speaking peoples inhabited Mozambique before Portuguese explorers arrived in the late 15th century. The country remained a Portuguese colony until it gained independence in 1975 under the Mozambique Liberation Front's (FRELIMO) leadership. A brutal civil war between FRELIMO and the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) lasted from 1977 to 1992. Since then, Mozambique has transitioned to a multi-party democracy, though political tensions and economic struggles persist. The northern region has been affected by an Islamist insurgency since 2017.

Geography
  • Location: Southeastern Africa, bordered by Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Eswatini, and the Indian Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 801,590 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Coastal plains, Zambezi River Basin, highlands, and the Great Rift Valley.
  • Climate: Tropical to subtropical, with wet and dry seasons.
  • Natural Resources: Coal, natural gas, titanium, hydropower, and arable land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Zambezi River, Limpopo River, Lake Niassa (Lake Malawi).
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 32 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Makua, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, Shona, and other Bantu-speaking groups.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Portuguese.
    • Widely Spoken: Makua, Tsonga, Sena, Lomwe, Ndau, and Swahili.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (Catholic and Protestant).
    • Islam: A significant minority (primarily Sunni Muslims in the north).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced alongside other religions.
  • Major Cities:
    • Maputo: Capital and largest city.
    • Beira: Major port and trade centre.
    • Nampula: Economic hub in northern Mozambique.
    • Pemba: The coastal city was affected by the insurgency.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to national parks, coral reefs, and diverse marine life.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, cyclones, flooding, and coastal erosion.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Gorongosa National Park and Quirimbas National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Mozambique Defence Armed Forces (FADM), including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union, SADC, and foreign military assistance to combat insurgency.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Engages in regional economic and security cooperation.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Participates in trade agreements.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP): Engages in cultural and economic cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in renewable energy projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on responsible resource governance.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in humanitarian and development efforts.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Observer due to historical and linguistic ties.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Marrabenta and Makonde dance traditions.
  • Cultural Festivals: Independence Day celebrations, Mozambique Music Awards.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Mozambique Red Cross: Provides humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
  • World Food Programme (WFP) Mozambique: Supports food security initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Mozambique: Reports on civil rights and governance issues.
  • Mozambique Human Rights League: Advocates for social justice and democracy.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Central Office for the Fight Against Corruption (GCCC): Works on transparency and governance reforms.
  • Transparency International Mozambique: Monitors corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jamaah (ASWJ): ISIS-affiliated group active in Cabo Delgado province.
  • Other Insurgencies: Ongoing conflict affecting the northern regions, leading to displacement.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and fraud.
  • Drug Trafficking: Mozambique is a transit point for narcotics smuggling.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Growing digital financial fraud cases.

​Mozambique remains a country with economic potential, vast natural resources, and a strategic location. However, political stability, counterinsurgency efforts, and infrastructure development are critical for its long-term growth and stability.
Namibia
Summary Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in southern Africa bordered by Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east, South Africa to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Covering approximately 825,615 square kilometres, Namibia is known for its vast deserts, diverse wildlife, and stable governance. It gained independence from South Africa in 1990 after a prolonged liberation struggle. Namibia's economy is driven by mining, tourism, agriculture, and fisheries, but challenges remain in poverty reduction and environmental conservation.
History The region now known as Namibia was inhabited by indigenous groups such as the San, Nama, and Herero for thousands of years. The area became a German colony in 1884 and was later administered by South Africa after World War I. Namibia endured decades of resistance to South African rule, culminating in independence in 1990 under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). Since then, Namibia has remained politically stable, with a democratic system and peaceful transitions of power.
Geography
  • Location: Southern Africa, bordered by Angola, Zambia, Botswana, South Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 825,615 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Namib Desert, Kalahari Desert, Etosha Pan, and the central highlands.
  • Climate: Arid to semi-arid, with hot summers and mild winters.
  • Natural Resources: Diamonds, uranium, gold, copper, and fisheries.
  • The Orange, Kunene, and Zambezi rivers are significant rivers and lakes.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 2.6 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Ovambo, Herero, Damara, Nama, San, Tswana, and Europeans.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English.
    • Widely Spoken: Oshiwambo, Afrikaans, Otjiherero, Nama, German.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Lutheran and other Protestant denominations.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced by some rural communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Windhoek: Capital and largest city.
    • Walvis Bay: Major port and industrial hub.
    • Swakopmund: Popular coastal tourist destination.
    • Oshakati: Economic center in northern Namibia.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to unique desert-adapted wildlife, including elephants, rhinos, and cheetahs.
  • Environmental Challenges: Desertification, water scarcity, and climate change impacts.
  • Conservation Efforts: Extensive national parks, including Etosha National Park and Namib-Naukluft National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Namibian Defence Force (NDF), including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union, SADC, and United Nations on security issues.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Engages in regional trade and economic policies.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Participant in economic integration initiatives.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Southern African Customs Union (SACU): Engages in regional economic cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in solar and wind energy development.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on responsible mining practices.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in development and environmental programs.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to historical ties with Britain.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Includes Oshiwambo, Nama, and Damara cultural performances.
  • Cultural Festivals: Windhoek Karneval, Herero Day, and Olufuko Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Namibia Red Cross Society: Provides disaster relief and humanitarian aid.
  • Save the Rhino Trust: Focuses on wildlife conservation.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Legal Assistance Centre (LAC): Works on human rights and governance issues.
  • Amnesty International Namibia: Reports on civil liberties and social justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC): Works to combat corruption and promote transparency.
  • Transparency International Namibia: Monitors governance and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No active terrorist threats; Namibia is considered politically stable.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and scams.
  • Wildlife Poaching: A concern due to rhino and elephant poaching.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing cases of financial fraud.
  • Drug Trafficking: Transit country for regional drug smuggling.

​Namibia is one of Africa's most stable democracies, firmly committed to environmental conservation and economic growth. While challenges such as income inequality and climate change persist, the country continues to develop as a regional leader in sustainability and governance.
Niger
Summary Niger, officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It borders Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Covering approximately 1,267,000 square kilometres, Niger is one of the largest countries in Africa but is mainly covered by the Sahara Desert. The country gained independence from France in 1960 and has experienced political instability, military coups, and security challenges related to terrorism. Niger's economy is based on agriculture, livestock, and uranium mining, though poverty and climate change pose significant challenges.
History Niger has been home to various ancient civilizations, including the Songhai Empire and the Kanem-Bornu Empire. The French colonized the region in the late 19th century, making it part of French West Africa. After gaining independence in 1960, Niger went through periods of military rule and democratic transitions. The country has faced recurrent coups, with the most recent occurring in 2023. Ongoing security threats from extremist groups in the Sahel and political instability continue to shape the nation's trajectory.
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Libya, Chad, Nigeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Algeria.
  • Total Area: Approximately 1,267,000 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Sahara Desert, Sahel region, Aïr Mountains.
  • Climate: Arid and semi-arid, with extreme heat and seasonal rainfall.
  • Natural Resources: Uranium, gold, oil, coal, and arable land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Niger River, Komadougou Yobe River, Lake Chad (shrinking due to climate change).
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 25 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Hausa, Zarma-Songhai, Tuareg, Fulani, Kanuri, Toubou, and others.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French.
    • Widely Spoken: Hausa, Zarma, Fulfulde, Tamasheq, Kanuri, Arabic.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim (over 99%).
    • Christianity and Indigenous Beliefs: Minor presence.
  • Major Cities:
    • Niamey: Capital and largest city.
    • Maradi: Agricultural and Trade Center.
    • Zinder: Historic cultural and economic hub.
    • Agadez: Gateway to the Sahara, known for Tuareg heritage.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Hosts desert-adapted wildlife, including gazelles, cheetahs, and the endangered West African giraffe.
  • Environmental Challenges: Desertification, droughts, deforestation, and water scarcity.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas include W National Park and Termit & Tin-Toumma Reserve.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Nigerien Armed Forces (FAN), including the Army, Air Force, and National Guard.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union, ECOWAS, and foreign allies on counterterrorism efforts.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Engages in regional trade and diplomacy.
  • West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA): Uses the CFA franc as currency.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • G5 Sahel: Regional security alliance against terrorism.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on solar energy development.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Ensures responsible resource governance.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engaged in peacekeeping and development initiatives.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial ties.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Hausa and Tuareg musical traditions, including the Gerewol festival.
  • Cultural Festivals: Cure Salée (Tuareg and Fulani festival) and Wodaabe celebrations.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Nigerien Red Cross: Provides humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.
  • World Food Programme (WFP) Niger: Supports food security initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Niger: Monitors civil rights and governance.
  • Nigerien Association for Human Rights (ANDDH): Advocates for democracy and justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • High Authority for the Fight Against Corruption and Related Offenses (HALCIA): Works on transparency and accountability.
  • Transparency International Niger: Monitors corruption and governance challenges.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS): Active in border areas.
  • Boko Haram and ISWAP: Operate in southeastern Niger near Nigeria.
  • Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM): Has influenced jihadist activity in the Sahel.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: Kidnappings and attacks by extremist groups in some regions.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and migrant smuggling.
  • Drug Trafficking: Niger is a transit country for narcotics smuggling.
  • Illegal Arms Trade: Weapons flow from conflict zones in Libya and the Sahel.

​Niger remains a country with significant economic potential due to its natural resources, but political instability, security threats, and environmental challenges pose ongoing risks. Strengthening governance, economic resilience, and counterterrorism efforts remain key priorities for the country's future development.
Nigeria
Summary Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a West African country bordered by Benin to the west, Niger to the north, Chad to the northeast, Cameroon to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Covering approximately 923,768 square kilometres, Nigeria is Africa's most populous country, with over 200 million people. It has a diverse cultural landscape, rich natural resources, and Africa's largest economy, driven by oil, agriculture, and services. Since gaining independence from Britain in 1960, Nigeria has faced political challenges, including military coups, civil war, and ongoing security threats from insurgent groups.
History Nigeria has a long history of ancient civilizations, including the Nok, Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo kingdoms. The region became a British colony in the late 19th century and gained independence in 1960. Shortly after, the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) resulted in significant casualties and economic challenges. Nigeria transitioned to democracy in 1999 after decades of military rule. Since then, it has faced governance struggles, security threats from Boko Haram and banditry, and economic instability despite its vast resources.
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Benin, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 923,768 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Niger Delta, Jos Plateau, Sahel region, and savanna plains.
  • Climate: Ranges from tropical in the south to arid in the north.
  • Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, coal, limestone, tin, and agricultural products.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Niger River, Benue River, Lake Chad.
People and Society
  • Population: Over 200 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo, Ijaw, Kanuri, Tiv, Ibibio, etc.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English.
    • Widely Spoken: Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Pidgin English, and over 500 indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Dominant in the south.
    • Islam: Predominantly practised in the north.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in some communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Abuja: Capital city and administrative centre.
    • Lagos: Largest city and economic hub.
    • Kano: The major trade and cultural centre is in the north.
    • Port Harcourt: Key oil-producing city.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to rainforests, savannas, and unique wildlife, including elephants and primates.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, desertification, oil spills, and pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas include Yankari National Park and Cross River National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Nigerian Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force).
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union, ECOWAS, and the United Nations on regional security.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Leading regional economic power.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Engaged in trade agreements.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • G5 Sahel (Observer): Supports counterterrorism efforts in the Sahel region.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Major oil-producing member.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in renewable energy initiatives.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development programs.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Festivals: Durbar Festival, Osun-Osogbo Festival, Eyo Festival.
  • Cultural Heritage: Nollywood film industry, Afrobeats music, traditional art.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Dangote Foundation: Focuses on poverty alleviation and health.
  • Tony Elumelu Foundation: Supports entrepreneurship and economic development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Nigeria: Reports on civil rights and governance issues.
  • Nigeria Human Rights Commission: Advocates for justice and social equity.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC): Fights financial crimes and corruption.
  • Transparency International Nigeria: Monitors corruption and governance issues.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Boko Haram: Islamist militant group operating in the northeast.
  • Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP): A split faction of Boko Haram.
  • Bandit Groups: Armed criminal groups responsible for kidnappings and attacks.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: High rates of armed robbery, kidnapping, and terrorism.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and sexual exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Significant cases of financial fraud and scams.
  • Drug Trafficking: Nigeria is a transit hub for the narcotics trade.

​Nigeria remains a regional powerhouse with vast economic potential, cultural influence, and political significance. However, governance challenges, security threats, and economic inequalities continue to shape the country's development trajectory.
​Republic of the Congo
Summary, The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, is a Central African country bordered by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Covering approximately 342,000 square kilometres, the country is known for its vast rainforests, rich biodiversity, and oil-dependent economy. Since gaining independence from France in 1960, the Republic of the Congo has experienced political instability, including coups and civil conflicts, though it has remained relatively stable in recent years.
History Bantu-speaking peoples historically inhabited the region before becoming a French colony in the late 19th century. After independence in 1960, the country underwent several political upheavals, including a socialist period under President Marien Ngouabi and civil conflict in the late 1990s. Denis Sassou Nguesso has been in power for most of the past four decades, leading a government focused on economic development and political stability despite accusations of authoritarian rule.
Geography
  • Location: Central Africa, bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 342,000 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Congo River Basin, coastal plains, and rainforests.
  • Climate: Tropical, with high humidity and significant rainfall.
  • Natural Resources: Oil, timber, gold, diamonds, iron ore.
  • Major rivers and lakes are the Congo, Ubangi, and Sangha.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 5.7 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Kongo, Teke, Mbochi, Sangha, and other Bantu-speaking groups.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French.
    • Widely Spoken: Lingala, Kituba, and various Bantu languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Roman Catholic and Protestant.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in some communities.
    • Islam: Small minority.
  • Major Cities:
    • Brazzaville: Capital and largest city.
    • Pointe-Noire: Economic hub and major port.
    • Dolisie: Key regional trade centre.
    • Owando: Administrative centre in the north.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to gorillas, elephants, and dense rainforests.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, illegal logging, poaching.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Congolese Armed Forces (FAC), including the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union and UN on regional stability.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS): Engages in regional economic and security cooperation.
  • Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC): Uses the CFA franc.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF): Engages in cultural and diplomatic cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Observer): Major oil producer.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on hydro and solar projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in development and humanitarian programs.
  • Commonwealth of Nations (Observer): Strengthening international ties.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Influences from Bantu traditions and Congolese rumba.
  • Cultural Festivals: FESPAM (Pan-African Music Festival) and Independence Day celebrations.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Congolese Red Cross: Provides disaster relief and humanitarian aid.
  • World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Congo: Focuses on conservation and sustainable development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Congo: Reports on governance and civil rights issues.
  • Observatory of Human Rights in Congo (OCDH): Monitors human rights violations.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Commission for the Fight Against Corruption: Works on governance and transparency.
  • Transparency International Congo: Monitors corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No major terrorist threats; security concerns mainly relate to political unrest.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Pickpocketing and theft in urban areas.
  • Illegal Logging and Wildlife Trafficking: Major concern due to deforestation.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing financial fraud cases.

​The Republic of the Congo is a resource-rich nation with economic potential but faces challenges in governance, environmental sustainability, and economic diversification. Political stability and ongoing development efforts will be key to its long-term growth.
Rwanda
​Summary Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa. It is bordered by Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Covering approximately 26,338 square kilometres, Rwanda is known as the "Land of a Thousand Hills" due to its mountainous terrain. The country has undergone a remarkable transformation since the 1994 genocide, emerging as one of Africa's fastest-growing economies and a leader in governance and technological innovation.

The presence of the Twa, Hutu, and Tutsi peoples marks Rwanda's history. It was a German and later a Belgian colony before gaining independence in 1962. Longstanding ethnic tensions culminated in the 1994 genocide, in which nearly 800,000 people, mostly Tutsi, were killed. Following the genocide, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), led by Paul Kagame, took control and began rebuilding the country. Rwanda has since focused on economic growth, national reconciliation, and stability, positioning itself as a regional leader.

Geography
  • Location: East-Central Africa, bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  • Total Area: Approximately 26,338 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Virunga Mountains, Lake Kivu, and central plateaus.
  • Climate: Tropical highland, with moderate temperatures due to elevation.
  • Natural Resources: Gold, cassiterite, wolframite, methane gas, and fertile land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Akagera River, Nyabarongo River, Lake Kivu, Lake Ihema.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 13.5 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Kinyarwanda, English, French, Swahili.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (Roman Catholic and Protestant).
    • Islam: Minority community.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced by some.
  • Major Cities:
    • Kigali: Capital and economic centre.
    • Butare: Cultural and academic hub.
    • Gisenyi: Tourism and trade centre near Lake Kivu.
    • Musanze: Gateway to Volcanoes National Park.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to mountain gorillas, golden monkeys, and rich birdlife.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, climate change impacts.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks like Volcanoes, Akagera, and Nyungwe Forest.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Rwanda's Defence Force (RDF) includes the Army, Air Force, and Reserve Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union, United Nations, and regional peacekeeping missions.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • East African Community (EAC): Engages in regional trade and economic policies.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Participates in trade integration.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Active member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Engaged in continental development and diplomacy.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Joined in 2009 despite no colonial ties to Britain.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in solar and hydro energy projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on responsible mining sector governance.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping, development, and human rights programs.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to historical ties with French-speaking Africa.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Intore dance drumming traditions.
  • Cultural Festivals: Kwita Izina (gorilla naming ceremony), Rwanda Film Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Imbuto Foundation: Supports education and healthcare initiatives.
  • Rwanda Red Cross: Provides humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Rwanda: Reports on civil rights and governance.
  • Rwanda Human Rights Commission: Works on justice and reconciliation efforts.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Office of the Ombudsman: Works on transparency and anti-corruption initiatives.
  • Transparency International Rwanda: Monitors governance and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR): Armed group operating in eastern DRC.
  • Other Security Threats: Regional instability and cross-border tensions.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Low but present in urban areas.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing cases of digital fraud.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and migration issues.
  • Cross-Border Smuggling: Concerns related to trade and arms trafficking.

​Rwanda has emerged as one of Africa's most stable and rapidly developing nations, with strong governance, economic growth, and environmental conservation efforts. Challenges remain in human rights, political freedoms, and regional security, but the country continues strengthening its global standing.
São Tomé and Príncipe
Summary São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is a small island nation located in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western coast of Central Africa. Covering approximately 964 square kilometres, it is the second-smallest country in Africa. The nation consists of two main islands, São Tomé and Príncipe, along with several islets. It gained independence from Portugal in 1975 and has since developed into a stable democracy. The economy relies on agriculture, particularly cocoa production, tourism, and emerging oil exploration.
History The islands were uninhabited until Portuguese explorers arrived in the late 15th century. They established sugar plantations, later transitioning to cocoa and coffee production using enslaved African labour. São Tomé and Príncipe gained independence from Portugal in 1975. The country initially adopted a one-party socialist system but transitioned to multi-party democracy in the 1990s. It has since remained politically stable despite occasional attempted coups and economic challenges.
Geography
  • Location: Gulf of Guinea, off the coast of Central Africa.
  • Total Area: Approximately 964 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Volcanic mountains, coastal plains, and tropical rainforests.
  • Climate: Tropical, with high humidity and significant rainfall.
  • Natural Resources: Fisheries, arable land, and potential offshore oil reserves.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Small rivers like the Io Grande and Água Grande.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 220,000 (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Mestizo (mixed Portuguese and African), Forros, Angolares, Cape Verdean, and Europeans.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Portuguese.
    • Widely Spoken: Forro, Angolar, and Principense Creole dialects.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Roman Catholic and Protestant.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Some traditional practices.
  • Major Cities:
    • São Tomé: Capital and largest city.
    • Santo António: Main town on Príncipe Island.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich in endemic species, including unique birds and marine life.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, and climate change effects.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Obo National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Small military force focused on national security and maritime protection.
  • International Partnerships: Cooperates with Portugal, Angola, and the U.S. on security matters.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP): Engages in trade and cultural exchanges.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS): Engages in regional economic and political affairs.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports renewable energy initiatives.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Monitors oil and resource management.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engaged in development, education, and environmental programs.
  • Francophonie (OIF) (Observer): Participates due to regional Francophone influence.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Includes Tchiloli, Socopé, and Ússua.
  • Cultural Festivals: Independence Day celebrations and local harvest festivals.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • São Tomé and Príncipe Red Cross: Provides humanitarian assistance.
  • World Food Programme (WFP): Supports food security efforts.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International São Tomé and Príncipe: Monitors civil rights and governance.
  • Local NGOs: Work on education, gender equality, and social justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Court of Auditors: Oversees financial accountability.
  • Transparency International São Tomé and Príncipe: Monitors corruption and governance.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known terrorist threats; politically stable.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Low but present in tourist areas.
  • Illegal Fishing: Affects marine resources.
  • Drug Trafficking: Emerging issue due to maritime location.
  • Cybercrime: Limited but growing financial fraud concerns.

​São Tomé and Príncipe remain a stable and developing nation with economic potential in tourism, agriculture, and energy. While challenges such as economic diversification and climate change persist, the country focuses on governance, environmental conservation, and sustainable development.
Senegal
Summary Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a West African country bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast, Guinea-Bissau to the southwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Gambia, a narrow enclave, runs through the centre of Senegal. Covering approximately 196,722 square kilometres, Senegal is known for its political stability, diverse culture, and growing economy. The country gained independence from France in 1960 and has maintained a democratic system with strong regional and international engagement.
History Senegal has been home to powerful West African empires, including the Ghana, Mali, and Jolof Empires. European contact began in the 15th century, with the Portuguese, Dutch, and French establishing trading posts. Senegal became a French colony in the 19th century and gained independence in 1960 under President Léopold Sédar Senghor. The country has experienced peaceful political transitions and remains one of Africa’s most stable democracies.
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 196,722 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Sahel region, coastal plains, Fouta Djallon highlands.
  • Climate: Tropical, with a dry season (November–May) and a rainy season (June–October).
  • Natural Resources: Phosphates, fish, gold, oil, and arable land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Senegal River, Casamance River, Lake Guiers.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 17 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Wolof, Fulani (Peul), Serer, Mandinka, Jola, and others.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French.
    • Widely Spoken: Wolof, Pulaar, Serer, Mandinka, Jola, Soninke.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: The majority (over 90%) is mostly Sufi Muslim.
    • Christianity: Small minority (Roman Catholic and Protestant).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in some communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Dakar: Capital and economic hub.
    • Thiès: Industrial and transport centre.
    • Touba: Religious center of the Mouride Brotherhood.
    • Ziguinchor: Main city in the Casamance region.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to savannas, mangroves, and diverse wildlife, including gazelles and monkeys.
  • Environmental Challenges: Desertification, deforestation, coastal erosion, and climate change.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks such as Niokolo-Koba and Djoudj Bird Sanctuary.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Senegalese Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie).
  • International Partnerships: Engages with the African Union, ECOWAS, and UN peacekeeping missions.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Engages in regional trade and political cooperation.
  • West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA): Uses the CFA franc.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF): Engages in cultural and diplomatic initiatives.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on solar and wind energy projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Focuses on responsible resource governance.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development projects.
  • G5 Sahel (Observer): Cooperates on regional security and counterterrorism.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Mbalax (popular music genre), Sabar drumming.
  • Cultural Festivals: Saint-Louis Jazz Festival, Dak’Art Biennale.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Senegalese Red Cross: Provides disaster relief and humanitarian aid.
  • Tostan: Focuses on human rights and community development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Senegal: Monitors civil rights and governance.
  • African Assembly for the Defense of Human Rights (RADDHO): Works on social justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Office for the Fight Against Fraud and Corruption (OFNAC): Works on transparency and governance.
  • Transparency International Senegal: Monitors corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Casamance Separatists (MFDC): Low-level insurgency in the Casamance region.
  • Other Security Threats: Regional instability and terrorism threats from the Sahel.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Pickpocketing and scams in urban areas.
  • Drug Trafficking: Senegal is a transit point for narcotics smuggling.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing cases of online fraud.

​Senegal is a politically stable and economically growing nation with strong regional influence. While governance, security, and environmental conservation challenges remain, the country strengthens its democratic institutions and economic development.
Seychelles
Summary Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelagic country in the Indian Ocean, consisting of 115 islands. It is about 1,500 kilometres east of mainland Africa, northeast of Madagascar. Covering approximately 459 square kilometres, Seychelles is the least populous sovereign African nation, with a high-income economy primarily driven by tourism, fishing, and offshore finance. Since gaining independence from Britain in 1976, the country has maintained political stability and environmental conservation as key priorities.
History Seychelles was uninhabited until European explorers arrived in the 16th century. The French established a settlement in 1756, and Britain took control in 1814. Seychelles gained independence in 1976 and was a one-party state until democratic reforms in 1993. Since then, the country has experienced political stability and economic growth, though it remains vulnerable to external economic shocks due to its reliance on tourism and fisheries.
Geography
  • Location: Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa.
  • Total Area: Approximately 459 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Granitic and coral islands, with mountainous terrain on the main islands.
  • Climate: Tropical, with high humidity and warm temperatures year-round.
  • Natural Resources: Fish, granite, and biodiversity.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: No major rivers; freshwater sources are small streams and reservoirs.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 100,000 (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Creole (mixed African, Indian, and European ancestry).
  • Languages:
    • Official: Seychellois Creole, English, French.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Roman Catholic.
    • Hinduism and Islam: Small minorities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Victoria: Capital and largest city.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to endemic species such as the Seychelles giant tortoise and rare birds.
  • Environmental Challenges: Coastal erosion, coral bleaching, and limited freshwater resources.
  • Conservation Efforts: Extensive marine and terrestrial protected areas, including Aldabra Atoll.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Seychelles People’s Defence Forces (SPDF), including Coast Guard and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with India, France, and the U.S. on maritime security.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Participates in regional trade.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • Indian Ocean Commission (IOC): Engages in maritime and economic cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in solar and marine energy initiatives.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in development and environmental programs.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to linguistic ties with France.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Moutya, Sega, and Kanmtole.
  • Cultural Festivals: Creole Festival and Independence Day celebrations.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Seychelles Red Cross: Provides disaster relief and humanitarian assistance.
  • Nature Seychelles: Focuses on environmental conservation.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Seychelles: Reports on civil rights and governance.
  • Seychelles Human Rights Commission: Monitors legal and social justice issues.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Anti-Corruption Commission of Seychelles (ACCS): Works on governance and transparency.
  • Transparency Initiative Seychelles: Advocates for anti-corruption measures.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No known terrorist threats; politically stable.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Low but includes pickpocketing in tourist areas.
  • Financial Crimes: Concerns over money laundering.
  • Drug Trafficking: Increasing issue with synthetic drugs.
  • Cybercrime: Limited but growing financial fraud concerns.

​Seychelles is one of Africa’s most stable and prosperous nations. Its focus is on environmental conservation, tourism, and financial services. While the country faces climate change and economic dependency on tourism, it prioritizes sustainability and regional cooperation.
Sierra Leone
Summary Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a West African country bordered by Guinea to the north and east, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Covering approximately 71,740 square kilometres, the country is known for its rich natural resources, including diamonds, gold, and bauxite. Sierra Leone gained independence from Britain in 1961 and experienced a devastating civil war from 1991 to 2002. Since the war ended, the country has made strides in economic recovery and political stability, though challenges such as poverty, corruption, and healthcare infrastructure remain.
History Sierra Leone was home to indigenous groups before becoming a settlement for freed African slaves in the late 18th century. The British established Freetown in 1787, later becoming a British colony in 1808. Sierra Leone gained independence in 1961 but suffered political instability and military coups. The country endured a brutal civil war (1991–2002) fueled by conflict over diamonds. Since the war’s end, Sierra Leone has focused on rebuilding its institutions and economy.
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Guinea, Liberia, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 71,740 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Coastal mangroves, hills, mountains, and savannas.
  • Climate: Tropical, with a rainy season (May to October) and a dry season (November to April).
  • Natural Resources: Diamonds, gold, iron ore, bauxite, rutile, and fisheries.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Rokel River, Moa River, Sewa River.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 8.4 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Mende, Temne, Limba, Kono, Fullah, and Creole (Krio).
  • Languages:
    • Official: English.
    • Widely Spoken: Krio (lingua franca), Mende, Temne, Limba, and others.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Majority (about 78%).
    • Christianity: Significant minority (about 21%).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in rural areas.
  • Major Cities:
    • Freetown: Capital and largest city.
    • Bo: Economic and educational hub.
    • Kenema: Important trade and mining centre.
    • Makeni: Commercial and agricultural city.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich in forests, wildlife, and marine ecosystems.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, land degradation, mining pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas include Outamba-Kilimi National Park and Gola Rainforest.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF), including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with ECOWAS, African Union, and UN peacekeeping missions.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Engages in regional trade and economic policies.
  • West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) (Observer): Supports economic integration.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Mano River Union (MRU): Works on regional peace and trade.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Monitors responsible mining practices.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports solar and hydroelectric projects.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development programs.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Bubu music, Gumbe, and traditional drumming.
  • Cultural Festivals: Freetown Festival, Bondo Society ceremonies.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Sierra Leone Red Cross: Provides disaster relief and healthcare assistance.
  • Africell Impact Foundation: Supports education and youth programs.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Sierra Leone: Reports on civil rights and governance.
  • Sierra Leone Human Rights Commission: Advocates for justice and social equity.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC): Works to combat corruption.
  • Transparency International Sierra Leone: Monitors public accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No active terrorist threats; focus on regional security and stability.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and scams.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.
  • Drug Trafficking: Growing concerns over narcotics smuggling.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing financial fraud cases.

​Sierra Leone continues to recover from past conflicts, focusing on economic development, governance, and social stability. While poverty, corruption, and infrastructure deficits persist, ongoing reforms and international cooperation aim to strengthen the nation’s progress.
Somalia
Summary Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is located in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia borders it to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the Indian Ocean to the east. Covering approximately 637,657 square kilometres, Somalia has the longest coastline in mainland Africa. The country gained independence in 1960 but has faced civil conflict, terrorism, and political instability. Efforts toward rebuilding governance, security, and economic development continue amid ongoing challenges.
History Somalia has a rich history, dating back to ancient trade routes connecting Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The region was home to powerful sultanates, including the Ajuran and Geledi Sultanates. Colonised by the British and Italians in the late 19th century, Somalia gained independence in 1960. A military dictatorship under Siad Barre (1969–1991) collapsed, leading to decades of civil war and lawlessness. Since the 2000s, various governments have worked to stabilise the country, but extremist groups like al-Shabaab continue to pose security threats.
Geography
  • Location: Horn of Africa, bordered by Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, the Gulf of Aden, and the Indian Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 637,657 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Somali Plateau, coastal plains, and mountain ranges in the north.
  • Climate: Arid to semi-arid, with seasonal monsoons.
  • Natural Resources: Uranium, iron ore, copper, oil, gas, and fisheries.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Jubba River, Shabelle River.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 17 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Somali, with small Bantu and Arab minorities.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Somali, Arabic.
    • Widely Spoken: English, Italian.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim.
  • Major Cities:
    • Mogadishu: Capital and largest city.
    • Hargeisa: Largest city in Somaliland.
    • Kismayo: Major port city.
    • Bosaso: Commercial hub in Puntland.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to desert-adapted wildlife, including antelopes, leopards, and marine species.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, droughts, desertification, and illegal fishing.
  • Conservation Efforts: Limited due to ongoing instability.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Somali National Army (SNA), supported by regional and international partners.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union Mission in Somalia (ATMIS), the U.S., and Turkey on security matters.
Economic Organisations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) (Observer): Engaged in trade policy discussions.
  • Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD): Works on regional cooperation.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Participates in economic initiatives.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Arab League: Member due to cultural and historical ties.
Energy and Resource Organisations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports renewable energy development.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) (Candidate): Works on improving natural resource governance.
Specialised International Organisations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development efforts.
  • Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Engages in economic and humanitarian initiatives.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Includes Dhaanto and other folk dances.
  • Cultural Festivals: Independence Day celebrations and Eid festivals.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Somali Red Crescent Society: Provides humanitarian assistance.
  • Hormuud Salaam Foundation: Focuses on education and disaster relief.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Somalia: Monitors civil rights and governance.
  • Somali Human Rights Association (SOHRA): Advocates for democracy and justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Somalia Anti-Corruption Commission: Works on governance and transparency.
  • Transparency International Somalia: Monitors corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Al-Shabaab: Al-Qaeda-affiliated extremist group operating in Somalia.
  • ISIS-Somalia: Small faction active in Puntland.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: High levels of armed conflict and insurgency.
  • Piracy: Declining but remains a concern in coastal areas.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Illegal Arms Trade: Weapons proliferation due to ongoing conflict.

​Somalia remains a country in transition, facing security challenges and governance issues while making progress in rebuilding its institutions and economy. International support and internal reforms are key to achieving long-term stability and development.
​South Africa
Summary South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country on the African continent. It is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Eswatini, with Lesotho as an enclave within its borders. Covering approximately 1.22 million square kilometres, South Africa is known for its diverse landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and status as Africa’s most industrialized economy. Since the end of apartheid in 1994, South Africa has transitioned into a democratic state, though it continues to face economic inequality, political challenges, and social issues.
History South Africa dates back to the early indigenous San and Khoisan peoples. The arrival of Bantu-speaking groups, Dutch settlers in the 17th century, and British colonists in the 19th century shaped the nation’s complex socio-political structure. The discovery of diamonds and gold in the late 19th century intensified European interest. Apartheid, a system of racial segregation, was implemented in 1948 and lasted until 1994 when Nelson Mandela was elected the first Black president in a democratic South Africa. Since then, the country has worked towards reconciliation despite persisting economic and political challenges.
Geography
  • Location: Southern Africa, bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Eswatini, with Lesotho surrounded by South Africa.
  • Total Area: Approximately 1,220,000 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Drakensberg Mountains, Kalahari Desert, Cape Fold Belt, coastal plains.
  • Climate: Varied, including Mediterranean, subtropical, and semi-arid conditions.
  • Natural Resources: Gold, platinum, diamonds, coal, iron ore, and uranium.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Orange River, Limpopo River, Vaal River.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 60 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Black African (80%), White (7.8%), Coloured (mixed-race) (8.8%), Indian/Asian (2.6%).
  • Languages:
    • Official (11): English, Afrikaans, Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Venda, Tsonga, Swati, Ndebele, and Northern Sotho.
    • Widely Spoken: Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans, English.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (Protestant, Catholic, and other denominations).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced alongside Christianity.
    • Islam, Hinduism, and Judaism: Minority religions.
  • Major Cities:
    • Pretoria: Administrative capital.
    • Cape Town: Legislative capital.
    • Bloemfontein: Judicial capital.
    • Johannesburg: Largest city and economic hub.
    • Durban: Major port and tourism centre.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich ecosystems, including savannas, forests, and marine reserves.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, water scarcity, air pollution, and climate change.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks like Kruger, Addo Elephant, and Table Mountain.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: South African National Defence Force (SANDF), including the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Military Health Service.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union, UN peacekeeping missions, and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Engages in regional trade and development.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
  • BRICS: Member of economic bloc with emerging global economies.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • Southern African Customs Union (SACU): Engages in trade and economic policies.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in energy transition.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on responsible mining practices.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in diplomatic, economic, and peacekeeping efforts.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
  • G20: Only African member of the global economic forum.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Gqom, Kwaito, Maskandi, and Marabi.
  • Cultural Festivals: Cape Town Jazz Festival, National Arts Festival, Zulu Reed Dance.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Nelson Mandela Foundation: Focuses on social justice and education.
  • Desmond Tutu Foundation: Works on peace, reconciliation, and human rights.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Legal Resources Centre: Provides legal aid for human rights cases.
  • South African Human Rights Commission: Monitors civil rights issues.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Public Protector of South Africa: Investigates government misconduct.
  • Transparency International South Africa: Monitors corruption and governance.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No active terrorist groups; regional security concerns linked to Mozambique insurgency.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: High rates of homicide, armed robbery, and gender-based violence.
  • Organized Crime: Includes drug trafficking and illegal mining.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing financial fraud and digital scams.
  • Corruption: Persistent concerns in government and business sectors.
  • ​
South Africa remains Africa’s most industrialized economy and a key regional power. It balances economic growth with social and political challenges. While crime and inequality persist, the nation plays a leading role in continental and global affairs.
South Sudan
Summary South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is landlocked in East-Central Africa. It is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and the Central African Republic to the west. Covering approximately 619,745 square kilometres, South Sudan is the youngest country in the world, having gained independence from Sudan in 2011. Despite its rich natural resources, including oil, the country faces significant challenges, including political instability, ongoing conflict, and humanitarian crises.
History South Sudan was historically part of Sudan and has long been inhabited by Nilotic ethnic groups. British and Egyptian colonial rule led to the marginalization of the South, sparking decades of conflict. Two civil wars (1955–1972 and 1983–2005) between the Sudanese government and southern rebels resulted in the signing of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, which paved the way for independence in 2011. However, South Sudan descended into civil war in 2013 due to political rivalries, leading to severe humanitarian crises. A fragile peace agreement was signed in 2018, though tensions persist.
Geography
  • Location: East-Central Africa, bordered by Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic.
  • Total Area: Approximately 619,745 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: White Nile Basin, Sudd Wetlands, Imatong Mountains.
  • Climate: Tropical, with wet and dry seasons.
  • Natural Resources: Oil, gold, timber, iron ore, fertile land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: White Nile River, Bahr el Ghazal, Bahr el Jebel.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 11 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Azande, Bari, and other Nilotic and Bantu groups.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English.
    • Widely Spoken: Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Arabic, Bari, Zande.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Predominantly Catholic and Protestant.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in rural areas.
    • Islam: Minority population.
  • Major Cities:
    • Juba: Capital and largest city.
    • Wau: Regional commercial hub.
    • Malakal: Strategic city along the Nile.
    • Bor: Historically significant town.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich in wildlife, including elephants, giraffes, and antelopes.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, desertification, flooding, and climate change.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Boma National Park and Bandingilo National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: South Sudan People’s Defense Forces (SSPDF), including the Army, Air Force, and National Security Service.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union and United Nations on peacekeeping and security efforts.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) (Observer): Engaged in trade policy discussions.
  • East African Community (EAC): Member promoting regional economic integration.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member seeking economic growth through trade.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Engages in diplomatic efforts and peacebuilding.
  • Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD): Mediates peace processes in South Sudan.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports solar and hydropower development.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) (Candidate): Works on improving oil sector transparency.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping (UNMISS) and humanitarian efforts.
  • Commonwealth of Nations (Observer): Exploring deeper engagement with the Commonwealth.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Includes Dinka and Nuer war songs and ceremonial dances.
  • Cultural Festivals: Independence Day celebrations and cultural heritage festivals.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • South Sudan Red Cross: Provides humanitarian relief.
  • Water for South Sudan: Focuses on clean water access.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International South Sudan: Reports on civil rights and governance.
  • South Sudan Human Rights Commission: Advocates for justice and reconciliation.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Anti-Corruption Commission of South Sudan: Works on governance and transparency.
  • Transparency International South Sudan: Monitors corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • National Salvation Front (NAS): Rebel group active in parts of South Sudan.
  • Other Armed Factions: Various ethnic and political militias contributing to instability.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: High rates of armed conflict and tribal violence.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Illegal Arms Trade: Proliferation of weapons due to ongoing conflict.
  • Corruption: Widespread in government and resource sectors.
  • ​
South Sudan remains a young nation with great potential, but ongoing conflict, economic challenges, and humanitarian crises hinder development. International support and internal political reforms are critical to long-term stability and prosperity.
Sudan
​Summary Sudan, officially the Republic of Sudan, is a North African country bordered by Egypt to the north, Libya to the northwest, Chad to the west, the Central African Republic to the southwest, South Sudan to the south, Ethiopia to the southeast, Eritrea to the east, and the Red Sea to the northeast. Covering approximately 1,886,068 square kilometres, Sudan is the third-largest country in Africa. The nation has faced prolonged political instability, internal conflicts, and economic struggles despite its rich natural resources, including oil, gold, and arable land.
History Sudan dates back to ancient Nubian civilizations and later became part of various Islamic empires. It was under joint British-Egyptian rule until gaining independence in 1956. Since then, Sudan has experienced multiple military coups, civil wars, and conflicts, including the Darfur crisis and the separation of South Sudan in 2011. The country has transitioned through various governments, with a 2019 revolution overthrowing long-time ruler Omar al-Bashir. Political instability continues, with power struggles between civilian and military factions.
Geography
  • Location: North Africa, bordered by Egypt, Libya, Chad, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Red Sea.
  • Total Area: Approximately 1,886,068 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Sahara Desert, Nile River Basin, Nuba Mountains.
  • Climate: Desert and semi-arid, with tropical conditions in the south.
  • Natural Resources: Oil, gold, uranium, copper, and fertile land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Nile River, Blue Nile, White Nile, Lake Nubia.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 45 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Arabs, Nubians, Beja, Fur, Nuba, Zaghawa, and other African ethnic groups.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Arabic.
    • Widely Spoken: English, Nubian, Beja, Fur, and local dialects.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim.
    • Christianity and Indigenous Beliefs: Small minorities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Khartoum: Capital and economic centre.
    • Omdurman: Largest city and cultural hub.
    • Port Sudan: Major Red Sea port.
    • Nyala: Key city in the Darfur region.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Includes desert flora, Nile River wetlands, and savanna wildlife.
  • Environmental Challenges: Desertification, deforestation, water scarcity, and climate change.
  • Conservation Efforts: Limited due to ongoing conflicts and economic struggles.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), including the Army, Air Force, and Navy.
  • International Partnerships: Engages with the African Union and Arab League on security matters.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) (Observer): Engaged in trade policy discussions.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Participates in regional trade.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member but has faced suspensions due to coups.
  • Arab League: Member due to cultural and historical ties.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) (Candidate): Works on resource management transparency.
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports solar and hydropower development.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development efforts.
  • Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Works on economic and humanitarian projects.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Nubian folk music, Sufi religious chants.
  • Cultural Festivals: Sudan Independence Day and Mawlid celebrations.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Sudanese Red Crescent: Provides humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
  • World Food Programme (WFP) Sudan: Supports food security initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Sudan: Reports on civil rights and governance.
  • Sudanese Human Rights Initiative: Advocates for justice and democracy.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Commission: Works on governance and transparency.
  • Transparency International Sudan: Monitors corruption and public accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Rapid Support Forces (RSF): Paramilitary groups involved in ongoing conflicts.
  • Other Rebel Groups: Various militias are active in the Darfur, Kordofan, and Blue Nile regions.
Crime Statistics
  • Violent Crime: Includes armed conflicts and tribal violence.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and migration abuses.
  • Illegal Arms Trade: Proliferation of weapons due to ongoing conflicts.
  • Corruption: Widespread in government and business sectors.
Sudan is in transition and faces political instability, economic struggles, and security challenges. International engagement, governance reforms, and conflict resolution will be crucial for long-term stability and development.
Tanzania
​Summary Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is an East African country bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the east. Covering approximately 947,303 square kilometres, Tanzania is known for its diverse geography, including Mount Kilimanjaro, the Serengeti, and the Zanzibar Archipelago. Since gaining independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanzania has maintained political stability and economic growth driven by agriculture, tourism, and mining.
History TanzaniaTanzania includes early Bantu migrations, Arab and Persian trade along the Swahili Coast, and later European colonization. The mainland, formerly known as Tanganyika, was a German colony before becoming a British mandate after World War I. Zanzibar was under Omani rule before British oversight. Both territories gained independence in the early 1960s and united in 1964 to form Tanzania. The country followed socialist policies under President Julius Nyerere before transitioning to a market-based economy in the 1990s.
Geography
  • Location: East Africa, bordered by Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, and the Indian Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 947,303 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Mount Kilimanjaro, Great Rift Valley, Serengeti Plains, Zanzibar Archipelago.
  • Climate: Tropical, with variations from coastal humid conditions to arid inland areas.
  • Natural Resources: Gold, natural gas, diamonds, uranium, and arable land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Nyasa, Rufiji River.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 63 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Over 120 ethnic groups, including Sukuma, Chagga, Haya, Nyamwezi, and Hadza.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Swahili, English.
    • Widely Spoken: Arabic (Zanzibar), various indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority.
    • Islam: A significant minority, particularly in Zanzibar.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced among some communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Dodoma: Capital city.
    • Dar es Salaam: Largest city and economic hub.
    • Arusha: Tourism and diplomatic center.
    • Zanzibar City: Historical and cultural centre.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to the Serengeti, Ngorongoro Crater, and diverse wildlife, including the Big Five.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, poaching, land degradation, and climate change effects.
  • Conservation Efforts: Extensive national parks and conservation projects.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defense Forces: The Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) includes the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union, UN peacekeeping missions, and East African defence initiatives.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • East African Community (EAC): Engages in regional economic cooperation.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Member engaging in trade and security cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in hydro and solar energy projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on responsible mining governance.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping, health, and development initiatives.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Taarab, Bongo Flava, and Ngoma drumming.
  • Cultural Festivals: Zanzibar International Film Festival, Sauti za Busara music festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Tanzania Red Cross Society: Provides disaster relief and healthcare services.
  • Nyerere Foundation: Promotes peace and leadership development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Legal and Human Rights Centre (LHRC): Advocates for civil rights.
  • Amnesty International Tanzania: Reports on governance and social justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB): Works on governance and transparency.
  • Transparency International Tanzania: Monitors corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Ansar al-Sunna (linked to ISIS): Active in the border region with Mozambique.
  • Other Security Concerns: Maritime security issues along the Indian Ocean coast.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Pickpocketing and theft in urban areas.
  • Wildlife Poaching: Threatens conservation efforts.
  • Drug Trafficking: Increasing as a transit country.
  • Cybercrime: Rising cases of online fraud and financial scams.
Tanzania remains a politically stable and economically growing nation with strong regional influence in trade and security. While governance, environmental conservation, and security challenges exist, the country continues to focus on development and sustainability.
Togo
​Summary Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a West African country bordered by Ghana to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Benin to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Covering approximately 56,785 square kilometres, it is one of the smallest countries in Africa. Since gaining independence from France in 1960, Togo has experienced periods of political unrest but has remained an important regional trade hub. The economy is based on agriculture, phosphate mining, and port services, with Lomé as a significant commercial centre.
Various ethnic groups originally inhabited Togo before it became part of German Togoland in the late 19th century. After World War I, it was divided into British and French territories, with the French-administered section becoming independent in 1960 under President Sylvanus Olympio. A series of military coups followed, with General Gnassingbé Eyadéma ruling from 1967 until he died in 2005. His son, Faure Gnassingbé, has led the country since then, maintaining a firm grip on power despite political opposition and calls for democratic reforms.
Geography
  • Location: West Africa, bordered by Ghana, Burkina Faso, Benin, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Total Area: Approximately 56,785 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Coastal plains, Togo Mountains, Oti River Basin.
  • Climate: Tropical, with a dry season (November–March) and a wet season (April–October).
  • Natural Resources: Phosphates, limestone, iron ore, and arable land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Mono River, Oti River, Lake Togo.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 8.5 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Ewe, Kabye, Mina, Tem, and others.
  • Languages:
    • Official: French.
    • Widely Spoken: Ewe, Kabye, Mina, Dagomba, and other indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (Catholic and Protestant).
    • Islam: Significant minority.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in various communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Lomé: Capital and economic centre.
    • Sokodé: Second-largest city, cultural hub.
    • Kara: Administrative and trade centre.
    • Atakpamé: Key agricultural town.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to savanna wildlife, coastal ecosystems, and tropical forests.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, coastal erosion, and pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Fazao-Malfakassa National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defense Forces: Togolese Armed Forces (FAT), including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union, ECOWAS, and UN peacekeeping missions.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): Engages in regional trade and integration.
  • West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA): Uses the CFA franc.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF): Member due to French colonial ties.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in solar and hydroelectric projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on phosphate mining transparency.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in development and peacebuilding programs.
  • G5 Sahel (Observer): Supports regional security cooperation.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Drumming and Ewe dance traditions.
  • Cultural Festivals: Epe-Ekpe (Guin people’s festival), Gadao-Adossa (Kabye ceremonies).
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Togo Red Cross: Provides humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
  • Fondation Djanta: Focuses on education and health initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Amnesty International Togo: Monitors civil rights and governance.
  • Togolese League for Human Rights (LTDH): Advocates for democracy and justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Commission for the Fight Against Corruption and Economic Sabotage: Works on governance and transparency.
  • Transparency International Togo: Monitors corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Jihadist Threats: Increasing terrorist activity from Sahel-based extremists in northern regions.
  • Other Security Concerns: Cross-border smuggling and organized crime.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and fraud.
  • Drug Trafficking: Transit point for narcotics smuggling.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and child exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Growing financial fraud cases.
Togo remains politically stable yet economically developing, with ongoing efforts to improve governance, security, and economic growth. Challenges in poverty reduction, human rights, and regional security persist, but investment in infrastructure and reforms continues to shape its future.
Tunisia
​Summary Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Covering approximately 163,610 square kilometres, Tunisia is known for its diverse geography, Mediterranean climate, and historical significance as the home of ancient Carthage. Since gaining independence from France in 1956, Tunisia has undergone political transitions, including the Arab Spring uprising in 2011, which led to democratic reforms.
History Tunisia has a rich history dating back to ancient times, with the Phoenician city of Carthage emerging as a significant power before being conquered by the Roman Empire. The region later came under Arab rule, followed by Ottoman and French control. Tunisia gained independence in 1956 under President Habib Bourguiba. In 2011, mass protests led to the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, marking the start of the Arab Spring. Tunisia transitioned to a democratic system, though political and economic challenges persist.
Geography
  • Location: North Africa, bordered by Algeria, Libya, and the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Total Area: Approximately 163,610 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Atlas Mountains, Sahara Desert, coastal plains.
  • Climate: Mediterranean in the north, arid in the interior and south.
  • Natural Resources: Phosphates, oil, natural gas, iron ore, and arable land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Medjerda River, Ichkeul Lake.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 12 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Arab-Berber.
  • Languages:
    • Official: Arabic.
    • Widely Spoken: French, Berber dialects.
  • Religion:
    • Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim.
    • Christianity and Judaism: Small minorities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Tunis: Capital and economic centre.
    • Sfax: Industrial and commercial hub.
    • Sousse: Tourism and trade city.
    • Gabès: Gateway to the south and phosphate industry.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Includes Mediterranean forests, coastal wetlands, and desert ecosystems.
  • Environmental Challenges: Desertification, water scarcity, pollution.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks such as Ichkeul and Boukornine.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defense Forces: Tunisian Armed Forces, including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with NATO, African Union, and Arab League on security issues.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.
  • Union for the Mediterranean (UfM): Engages in economic cooperation with Europe and Africa.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • Arab League: Member due to cultural and historical ties.
  • Maghreb Union (UMA): Member, though largely inactive.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on solar and wind energy initiatives.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) (Candidate): Works on resource management transparency.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in economic and security initiatives.
  • Francophonie (OIF): Member due to linguistic and historical ties with France.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Malouf music, folk dance traditions.
  • Cultural Festivals: Carthage Film Festival, International Festival of Hammamet.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Tunisian Red Crescent: Provides humanitarian aid.
  • Tunisian Solidarity Bank: Supports entrepreneurship and social development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Tunisian Human Rights League: Advocates for civil liberties and democracy.
  • Amnesty International Tunisia: Monitors governance and justice issues.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • National Anti-Corruption Authority (INLUCC): Works on transparency and governance reforms.
  • Transparency International Tunisia: Monitors corruption and public accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Jund al-Khilafah (ISIS-linked): Small extremist cells operate in border regions.
  • Other Security Concerns: Smuggling and radicalization threats in remote areas.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Pickpocketing and scams in tourist areas.
  • Drug Trafficking: Increasing concerns over narcotics trade.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and migration abuses.
  • Cybercrime: Rising cases of financial fraud and online scams.
Tunisia remains one of the most politically active nations in North Africa, with ongoing efforts to stabilize its economy and governance. While challenges persist in security and economic reforms, the country continues to engage in regional and international cooperation to support development and democracy.
Uganda
​Summary Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. South Sudan borders it to the north, Kenya to the east, Tanzania to the south, Rwanda to the southwest, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Uganda covers approximately 241,038 square kilometres and has diverse landscapes, including Lake Victoria, the Rwenzori Mountains, and savannahs. Since gaining independence from Britain in 1962, Uganda has experienced political instability but has made progress in economic development and governance.

History Uganda has been home to various Bantu, Nilotic, and Central Sudanic-speaking communities for centuries. European contact began in the 19th century, and the region became a British protectorate in 1894. Uganda gained independence in 1962 but soon faced political turmoil, including the military rule of Idi Amin (1971–1979) and the civil war against Milton Obote’s government. Since 1986, President Yoweri Museveni has led Uganda, overseeing economic growth and relative stability while facing criticism for governance and human rights issues.

Geography
  • Location: East Africa, bordered by South Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  • Total Area: Approximately 241,038 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Lake Victoria, Rwenzori Mountains, Albertine Rift, Nile River.
  • Climate: Tropical, with wet and dry seasons.
  • Natural Resources: Oil, gold, copper, fertile soil, hydropower.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Nile River, Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Edward, Lake Kyoga.

People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 45 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Baganda, Banyankole, Basoga, Bakiga, Iteso, Langi, Acholi, Lugbara, Banyarwanda, and others.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English, Swahili.
    • Widely Spoken: Luganda, Runyankore, Ateso, Luo, and various local languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (Catholic and Protestant).
    • Islam: Significant minority.
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in some communities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Kampala: Capital and economic centre.
    • Entebbe: Key administrative and aviation hub.
    • Gulu: The largest city in northern Uganda.
    • Mbarara: Agricultural and Trade Center.

Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich in wildlife, including mountain gorillas, elephants, and hippos.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, climate change.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks such as Bwindi Impenetrable Forest and Queen Elizabeth National Park.

Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Uganda People’s Defence Force (UPDF), including the Army, Air Force, and Special Forces.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union, United Nations, and regional security coalitions.

Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • East African Community (EAC): Engages in regional trade and economic policies.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Member.

Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active participant.
  • Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD): Works on regional diplomacy and security.

Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in solar and hydroelectric development.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on responsible resource governance.

Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development projects.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.

Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Bakisimba, Runyege, Acholi Bwola dance.
  • Cultural Festivals: Kampala City Festival, Nyege Nyege Festival.

Philanthropic Foundations
  • Uganda Red Cross Society: Provides humanitarian aid.
  • MTN Foundation Uganda: Supports health and education programs.

Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Human Rights Network Uganda (HURINET-U): Advocates for civil liberties.
  • Amnesty International Uganda: Reports on governance and social justice.

Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Inspectorate of Government (IGG): Works on governance and transparency.
  • Transparency International Uganda: Monitors corruption and public accountability.

Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Allied Democratic Forces (ADF): Active militant group with ties to ISIS.
  • Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) (Weakened): Once led by Joseph Kony, it is largely dismantled.

Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Pickpocketing and scams in urban areas.
  • Wildlife Poaching: Threatens conservation efforts.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Rising cases of financial fraud and online scams.
  • ​
Although governance, security, and human rights concerns remain, Uganda continues to grow economically and maintain political stability. Its strategic location and natural resources position it as a key player in East Africa’s development and regional cooperation.
Zambia
Summary Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Zimbabwe to the south, Botswana and Namibia to the southwest, Angola to the west, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north. Covering approximately 752,612 square kilometres, Zambia is known for its diverse wildlife, Victoria Falls, and decadent copper resources. Since gaining independence from Britain in 1964, Zambia has remained politically stable but faces economic and development challenges.
Various Bantu-speaking groups have inhabited History Zambia for centuries. European contact began in the 19th century with the arrival of British explorers and missionaries, including David Livingstone. The region became a British protectorate known as Northern Rhodesia and gained independence in 1964 under President Kenneth Kaunda. Initially following socialist policies, Zambia transitioned to a multi-party democracy in 1991. Economic dependence on copper has led to fluctuations in growth, and governance challenges remain key issues.
Geography
  • Location: Southern Africa, bordered by Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Angola, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  • Total Area: Approximately 752,612 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Zambezi River Basin, Central Plateau, Muchinga Mountains.
  • Climate: Tropical, with wet and dry seasons.
  • Natural Resources: Copper, cobalt, emeralds, hydropower, fertile land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Zambezi River, Kafue River, Lake Kariba, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Bangweulu.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 19 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga, Lozi, Chewa, Tumbuka, and others.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English.
    • Widely Spoken: Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga, Lozi, Chewa, Tumbuka.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (Protestant and Catholic).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced in some rural areas.
    • Islam and Hinduism: Small minorities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Lusaka: Capital and economic centre.
    • Ndola: Industrial and commercial hub.
    • Kitwe: Major mining city.
    • Livingstone: Tourism centre near Victoria Falls.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Rich in national parks, including South Luangwa and Kafue.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, poaching, land degradation, climate change.
  • Conservation Efforts: Extensive protected areas and anti-poaching initiatives.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Zambia Defence Force (ZDF), including the Army, Air Force, and National Service.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union and UN peacekeeping missions.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Engages in regional trade and development.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Member.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Active participant.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Southern African Customs Union (SACU) (Observer): Engages in trade negotiations.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in hydropower and solar projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Works on responsible mining governance.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping, development, and humanitarian efforts.
  • Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Kalindula, Makishi masked dances.
  • Cultural Festivals: Kuomboka Festival, Nc’wala Ceremony.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Zambia Red Cross Society: Provides disaster relief and healthcare support.
  • Zambia Open Community Schools (ZOCS): Supports education for disadvantaged children.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Zambia Human Rights Commission: Monitors civil rights issues.
  • Amnesty International Zambia: Reports on governance and social justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC): Works on transparency and governance.
  • Transparency International Zambia: Monitors corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No major terrorist threats; politically stable.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and fraud.
  • Wildlife Poaching: Affects conservation efforts.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing cases of online financial fraud.
  • ​
Zambia remains one of Africa’s stable democracies, with a strong mining sector and a growing tourism industry. While governance, economic diversification, and environmental conservation challenges persist, the country continues to focus on sustainable development and regional cooperation.
Zimbabwe
​Summary Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Zambia to the north, Mozambique to the east, South Africa to the south, and Botswana to the west. Covering approximately 390,757 square kilometres, Zimbabwe is known for its diverse landscapes, including the Victoria Falls, Hwange National Park, and Great Zimbabwe ruins. Since gaining independence from Britain in 1980, Zimbabwe has experienced economic hardship, political challenges, and governance issues despite its rich natural resources.
History Zimbabwe has a deep history, with the Great Zimbabwe civilization thriving between the 11th and 15th centuries. European colonization began in the late 19th century under British rule, and the region became Southern Rhodesia. White minority rule led to a liberation struggle, culminating in independence in 1980 under President Robert Mugabe. Over the years, Zimbabwe faced political and economic crises, including land reforms, hyperinflation, and governance challenges. In 2017, Mugabe was ousted in a military-led transition, and Emmerson Mnangagwa took office, pledging economic recovery and political reforms.
Geography
  • Location: Southern Africa, bordered by Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, and Botswana.
  • Total Area: Approximately 390,757 square kilometers.
  • Major Landforms: Highveld Plateau, Eastern Highlands, Zambezi and Limpopo river basins.
  • Climate: Tropical, with wet and dry seasons.
  • Natural Resources: Gold, platinum, diamonds, coal, lithium, and fertile land.
  • Major Rivers and Lakes: Zambezi River, Limpopo River, Lake Kariba.
People and Society
  • Population: Approximately 15 million (2022 estimate).
  • Ethnic Groups: Shona (majority), Ndebele, Chewa, Tonga, and other minority groups.
  • Languages:
    • Official: English.
    • Widely Spoken: Shona, Ndebele, and several indigenous languages.
  • Religion:
    • Christianity: Majority (Protestant, Catholic, and Apostolic sects).
    • Indigenous Beliefs: Practiced alongside Christianity.
    • Islam and Hinduism: Small minorities.
  • Major Cities:
    • Harare: Capital and largest city.
    • Bulawayo: Industrial and cultural centre.
    • Mutare: Gateway to Mozambique.
    • Gweru: Agricultural and mining hub.
Environment
  • Biodiversity: Home to iconic species like elephants, lions, and rhinos.
  • Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, land degradation, droughts, and poaching.
  • Conservation Efforts: National parks such as Hwange, Mana Pools, and Gonarezhou.
Military and Security Alliances
  • Defence Forces: Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF), including the Army and Air Force.
  • International Partnerships: Works with the African Union and SADC on security matters.
Economic Organizations
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC): Engages in regional trade and security.
  • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): Member.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Participant.
Regional Political Unions
  • African Union (AU): Active member.
  • Southern African Customs Union (SACU) (Observer): Engages in trade agreements.
Energy and Resource Organizations
  • International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in solar and hydropower projects.
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) (Candidate): Works on responsible mining governance.
Specialized International Organizations
  • United Nations (UN): Engages in development, humanitarian, and governance projects.
  • Commonwealth of Nations (Suspended): Seeking re-admission after withdrawal in 2003.
Religious and Cultural Groups
  • Traditional Music and Dance: Mbira music, Jiti, Chimurenga.
  • Cultural Festivals: Harare International Festival of the Arts, Zimbabwe International Film Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
  • Zimbabwe Red Cross Society: Provides disaster relief and healthcare assistance.
  • Higher Life Foundation: Focuses on education and youth development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
  • Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum: Monitors civil rights issues.
  • Amnesty International Zimbabwe: Reports on governance and social justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
  • Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC): Works on transparency and governance.
  • Transparency International Zimbabwe: Monitors corruption and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
  • Current Status: No major terrorist threats; politically stable but faces internal political tensions.
Crime Statistics
  • Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and fraud.
  • Illegal Mining (Gold Panning): Affects environment and governance.
  • Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and migration exploitation.
  • Cybercrime: Increasing cases of online financial fraud.
Zimbabwe has vast economic potential, particularly in mining and agriculture. However, governance challenges, economic instability, and human rights concerns persist. Continued efforts in political and economic reforms will be crucial for sustainable development and regional cooperation.

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