Asian Factbook
The Knelstrom Factbook: Asia is your definitive source for up-to-date statistical data and key insights on all Asian nations. This factbook presents a detailed breakdown of each country’s demographics, economy, governance, infrastructure, military,
AFGHANISTAN
Summary Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country in South and Central Asia. Pakistan borders it to the east and south, Iran to the West, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan to the north, and China to the northeast. Covering approximately 652,230 square kilometres, Afghanistan has a mountainous terrain dominated by the Hindu Kush. The country has a long history of conflict and political instability, with the Taliban currently in control since August 2021. Afghanistan's economy relies heavily on agriculture, minerals, and international aid.
History Afghanistan has been a crossroads of civilizations, influenced by the Persian, Greek, Mauryan, and Islamic empires. It was part of the Silk Road and saw invasions by Alexander the Great, the Mongols, and various Muslim dynasties. In the 19th and 20th centuries, it was a battleground for British and Russian influence. Following the Soviet invasion (1979–1989), a civil war led to the rise of the Taliban in the 1990s. The U.S.-led invasion in 2001 ousted the Taliban, but after two decades of conflict, the Taliban regained control in 2021.
Geography
History Afghanistan has been a crossroads of civilizations, influenced by the Persian, Greek, Mauryan, and Islamic empires. It was part of the Silk Road and saw invasions by Alexander the Great, the Mongols, and various Muslim dynasties. In the 19th and 20th centuries, it was a battleground for British and Russian influence. Following the Soviet invasion (1979–1989), a civil war led to the rise of the Taliban in the 1990s. The U.S.-led invasion in 2001 ousted the Taliban, but after two decades of conflict, the Taliban regained control in 2021.
Geography
- Location: South and Central Asia, bordered by Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China.
- Total Area: Approximately 652,230 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Hindu Kush Mountains, deserts, and river valleys.
- Climate: Arid to semi-arid, with cold winters and hot summers.
- Natural Resources: Lithium, rare earth minerals, copper, iron ore, natural gas, and opium poppy cultivation.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Amu Darya, Kabul River, Helmand River, Hamun Lake.
- Population: Approximately 40 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, Baloch, and others.
- Languages:
- Official: Pashto, Dari (Persian).
- Widely Spoken: Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, and various regional languages.
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim (Hanafi school), with a Shia minority.
- Major Cities:
- Kabul: Capital and largest city.
- Kandahar: Historical and political centre.
- Herat: Cultural and trade hub in the West.
- Mazar-i-Sharif: The religious and economic centre is in the north.
- Jalalabad: Key city near the Pakistan border.
- Biodiversity: Includes snow leopards, Marco Polo sheep, and unique highland ecosystems.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, desertification, water scarcity, and climate change.
- Conservation Efforts: Limited due to ongoing conflict.
- Defence Forces: Taliban-controlled security forces, including the Afghan Army and Police.
- International Partnerships: Limited; historically reliant on foreign military aid.
- World Trade Organization (WTO) (Observer): Trade engagement under review.
- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Member but with limited participation.
- Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO): Engages in regional trade discussions.
- Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) (Observer): Limited engagement.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Engages in humanitarian assistance.
- TAPI Gas Pipeline Project: Potential energy project with Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports renewable energy initiatives.
- United Nations (UN): Engages in humanitarian aid and peace efforts.
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) (Partner): Works on regional security.
- Traditional Music and Dance: Attan (national dance), rubab (instrumental music).
- Cultural Festivals: Nowruz (Persian New Year), Eid celebrations.
- Afghan Red Crescent Society: Provides humanitarian aid.
- Aga Khan Foundation: Works on health, education, and development projects.
- Human Rights Watch Afghanistan: Monitors governance and rights violations.
- Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (Suspended): Previously worked on civil rights.
- Transparency International Afghanistan: Reports on corruption issues.
- UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC): Monitors narcotics trade and corruption.
- Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP): Active extremist group opposing Taliban rule.
- Al-Qaeda: Presence with historical ties to the Taliban.
- Drug Trafficking: Major producer of opium and heroin.
- Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation.
- Arms Smuggling: Weapons proliferation due to ongoing conflict.
- Cybercrime: Limited but an emerging threat.
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ARMENIA
Summary Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. It borders Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Iran to the south, and Turkey to the west. Covering approximately 29,743 square kilometres, Armenia is known for its mountainous terrain, ancient cultural heritage, and strong diaspora influence. The country has a history of geopolitical tensions, particularly with Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia has transitioned into a democratic state while facing economic and security challenges.
History Armenia is one of the world's oldest civilizations, with a recorded history dating back to the 9th century BCE. It was the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion in 301 CE. Over the centuries, Armenia was ruled by various empires, including the Persians, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans. The Armenian Genocide (1915–1917) under the Ottoman Empire led to the deaths of over a million Armenians. After a brief period of independence (1918–1920), Armenia became part of the Soviet Union. Following the USSR's collapse, Armenia declared independence in 1991. The country has experienced economic reforms and political transitions while navigating ongoing territorial disputes with Azerbaijan.
Geography
People and Society
Armenia remains a geopolitically significant country in the Caucasus, balancing historical tensions with economic reforms and regional cooperation. While security challenges persist, particularly regarding Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia focuses on development, governance improvements, and international partnerships.
History Armenia is one of the world's oldest civilizations, with a recorded history dating back to the 9th century BCE. It was the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion in 301 CE. Over the centuries, Armenia was ruled by various empires, including the Persians, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans. The Armenian Genocide (1915–1917) under the Ottoman Empire led to the deaths of over a million Armenians. After a brief period of independence (1918–1920), Armenia became part of the Soviet Union. Following the USSR's collapse, Armenia declared independence in 1991. The country has experienced economic reforms and political transitions while navigating ongoing territorial disputes with Azerbaijan.
Geography
- Location: South Caucasus, bordered by Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkey.
- Total Area: Approximately 29,743 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Armenian Highlands, Mount Aragats, Lake Sevan.
- Climate: Continental, with hot summers and cold winters.
- Natural Resources: Copper, molybdenum, gold, hydropower potential.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Lake Sevan, Aras River, Debed River.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 2.8 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Armenian (98%), with small Yazidi, Russian, and Assyrian communities.
- Languages:
- Official: Armenian.
- Widely Spoken: Russian, English.
- Religion:
- Christianity: Armenian Apostolic Church (majority faith).
- Other Religions: Small Catholic and Protestant communities, Yazidism.
- Major Cities:
- Yerevan: Capital and largest city.
- Gyumri: Cultural and industrial hub.
- Vanadzor: Important regional centre.
- Stepanakert: Former de facto capital of Nagorno-Karabakh.
- Biodiversity: Rich in flora and fauna, including forests, mountains, and endemic species.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, air pollution, soil erosion.
- Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Dilijan and Khosrov Forest National Parks.
- Defence Forces: Armenian Armed Forces, including Army, Air Force, and Border Guards.
- International Partnerships: Member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and works with Russia on defence cooperation.
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU): Participates in regional trade and economic integration.
- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD): Supports economic development projects.
- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Member.
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): Engages in conflict resolution and diplomacy.
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Works on nuclear safety due to the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports solar and hydro energy initiatives.
- United Nations (UN): Engages in peacekeeping and development efforts.
- Council of Europe: Member since 2001, focusing on democracy and human rights.
- Francophonie (OIF): Member due to historical linguistic ties.
- Traditional Music and Dance: Duduk music, Kochari dance.
- Cultural Festivals: Yerevan Wine Days, Golden Apricot Film Festival.
- Hayastan All-Armenian Fund: Supports infrastructure and humanitarian projects.
- Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU): Engages in education and cultural preservation.
- Helsinki Citizens' Assembly Armenia: Monitors civil rights and democracy.
- Transparency International Armenia: Reports on governance and corruption.
- Corruption Prevention Commission: Works on government transparency.
- Open Government Partnership (OGP): Engages in governance reforms.
- Current Status: No major terrorist threats; regional tensions with Azerbaijan continue.
- Petty Crime: Low but includes theft and fraud in urban areas.
- Cybercrime: Rising cases of digital fraud.
- Human Trafficking: Reports of labour and migration-related exploitation.
- Cross-Border Smuggling: Concerns due to regional instability.
Armenia remains a geopolitically significant country in the Caucasus, balancing historical tensions with economic reforms and regional cooperation. While security challenges persist, particularly regarding Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia focuses on development, governance improvements, and international partnerships.
AZERBAIJAN
Country Report: Azerbaijan
Summary Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, Iran to the south, and the Caspian Sea to the east. Covering approximately 86,600 square kilometers, Azerbaijan is known for its rich oil and gas reserves, cultural heritage, and geopolitical significance in the South Caucasus. Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Azerbaijan has developed a strong economy based on energy exports while managing regional conflicts, particularly with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh.
History Azerbaijan has a long history influenced by Persian, Ottoman, and Russian empires. The region was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century and later became part of the Soviet Union. In 1918, Azerbaijan briefly declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, but Soviet forces took control in 1920. After regaining independence in 1991, Azerbaijan faced internal instability and conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh. The country has since strengthened its economy and military, culminating in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, which resulted in Azerbaijan reclaiming significant territory.
Geography
Summary Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, Iran to the south, and the Caspian Sea to the east. Covering approximately 86,600 square kilometers, Azerbaijan is known for its rich oil and gas reserves, cultural heritage, and geopolitical significance in the South Caucasus. Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Azerbaijan has developed a strong economy based on energy exports while managing regional conflicts, particularly with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh.
History Azerbaijan has a long history influenced by Persian, Ottoman, and Russian empires. The region was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century and later became part of the Soviet Union. In 1918, Azerbaijan briefly declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, but Soviet forces took control in 1920. After regaining independence in 1991, Azerbaijan faced internal instability and conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh. The country has since strengthened its economy and military, culminating in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, which resulted in Azerbaijan reclaiming significant territory.
Geography
- Location: South Caucasus, bordered by Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, and the Caspian Sea.
- Total Area: Approximately 86,600 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Caspian Sea coastline, Greater Caucasus Mountains, Kura-Aras Lowland.
- Climate: Ranges from subtropical to continental.
- Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, and arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Kura River, Araz River, Lake Sarysu.
- Population: Approximately 10.3 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Azerbaijani (over 90%), with small Russian, Lezgin, and Talysh communities.
- Languages:
- Official: Azerbaijani (Azeri).
- Widely Spoken: Russian, English, minority languages.
- Official: Azerbaijani (Azeri).
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Shia Muslim, with a Sunni minority.
- Christianity and Judaism: Small communities.
- Islam: Predominantly Shia Muslim, with a Sunni minority.
- Major Cities:
- Baku: Capital and largest city.
- Ganja: Industrial and cultural center.
- Sumqayit: Major industrial hub.
- Shusha: Historically significant city in Nagorno-Karabakh.
- Baku: Capital and largest city.
- Biodiversity: Home to diverse landscapes, including forests, mountains, and Caspian Sea marine life.
- Environmental Challenges: Air and water pollution, deforestation, desertification, and oil-related ecological damage.
- Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Shirvan and Absheron National Parks.
- Defense Forces: Azerbaijani Armed Forces, including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
- International Partnerships: Works with Turkey, Pakistan, and Israel on defense cooperation.
- World Trade Organization (WTO) (Observer): Engaged in trade policy discussions.
- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Engages in economic and political cooperation.
- Organization of Turkic States: Strengthens economic and cultural ties with Turkic nations.
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC+) (Partner): Cooperates in global oil markets.
- United Nations (UN): Engages in diplomatic and economic initiatives.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Member, maintaining strategic foreign policy independence.
- Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC): Major oil transportation project.
- Southern Gas Corridor (SGC): Key natural gas export route to Europe.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Works on solar and wind energy projects.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Engages in cultural and economic cooperation.
- Council of Europe: Member since 2001, focusing on governance and human rights.
- Traditional Music and Dance: Mugham, Ashiq folk music, Yalli dance.
- Cultural Festivals: Novruz Bayram (Persian New Year), Baku Jazz Festival.
- Heydar Aliyev Foundation: Focuses on education, healthcare, and cultural heritage.
- Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society: Provides humanitarian assistance.
- Institute for Reporters’ Freedom and Safety (IRFS): Monitors press freedom.
- Human Rights House Azerbaijan: Engages in civil rights initiatives.
- State Agency for Public Service and Social Innovations (ASAN): Works on governance reforms.
- Transparency International Azerbaijan: Monitors corruption and accountability.
- Current Status: No major terrorist threats; regional tensions with Armenia continue.
- Petty Crime: Pickpocketing and fraud in urban areas.
- Cybercrime: Increasing cases of digital fraud and hacking.
- Human Trafficking: Concerns over labor and migration exploitation.
- Smuggling: Drug and arms trafficking in border regions.
BAHRAIN
Country Report: Bahrain
Summary Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is a small island nation in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia. It comprises 33 natural islands and several artificial ones and covers approximately 760 square kilometres, making it one of the smallest countries in Asia. Known for its oil wealth, banking sector, and cultural heritage, Bahrain has been a key financial hub in the Gulf region. It is a constitutional monarchy with a diverse population and has experienced political unrest since the Arab Spring in 2011.
History Bahrain’s history dates back to ancient civilizations, including the Dilmun civilization around 3000 BCE. The Persians and Portuguese later ruled it, and finally, the British. Bahrain declared independence from Britain in 1971 and became a constitutional monarchy under the Al Khalifa family. The country has developed rapidly, particularly in the financial and oil sectors. Since 2011, Bahrain has experienced intermittent political unrest, particularly among its Shiite population demanding greater political inclusion.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Bahrain plays a vital strategic and economic role in the Gulf region. While it has achieved economic diversification and remains a banking and oil hub, it faces internal challenges related to political reform, human rights, and regional security dynamics.
Summary Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is a small island nation in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia. It comprises 33 natural islands and several artificial ones and covers approximately 760 square kilometres, making it one of the smallest countries in Asia. Known for its oil wealth, banking sector, and cultural heritage, Bahrain has been a key financial hub in the Gulf region. It is a constitutional monarchy with a diverse population and has experienced political unrest since the Arab Spring in 2011.
History Bahrain’s history dates back to ancient civilizations, including the Dilmun civilization around 3000 BCE. The Persians and Portuguese later ruled it, and finally, the British. Bahrain declared independence from Britain in 1971 and became a constitutional monarchy under the Al Khalifa family. The country has developed rapidly, particularly in the financial and oil sectors. Since 2011, Bahrain has experienced intermittent political unrest, particularly among its Shiite population demanding greater political inclusion.
Geography
- Location: Middle East, Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia.
- Total Area: Approximately 760 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Desert plains, coastal salt flats, Jebel ad Dukhan (highest point).
- Climate: Arid, with extremely hot summers and mild winters.
- Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, fish, and pearls.
- Significant Bodies of Water: Persian Gulf.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 1.5 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Bahraini (Arab), South Asian, other Arab and Persian communities.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Widely Spoken: English, Farsi, Urdu.
- Religion:
- Islam: Official religion (Shiite and Sunni Muslims).
- Christianity, Hinduism, and others: Practiced by expatriates.
- Major Cities:
- Manama: Capital and financial hub.
- Riffa: The second largest city and residential area.
- Muharraq: Historic city and former capital.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Limited due to the desert environment; marine life is significant.
- Environmental Challenges: Desertification, limited freshwater, air and sea pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: Projects on mangrove preservation and marine reserves.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Bahrain Defence Force (BDF), including Army, Navy, Air Force.
- International Partnerships: Member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC); hosts U.S. Navy’s Fifth Fleet.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Engages in regional trade and economic integration.
- Arab Monetary Fund (AMF): Member.
Regional Political Unions
- Arab League: Active participant.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Former Member): Left in 2019.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Promotes solar and renewable energy.
Specialized International Organizations
- United Nations (UN): Participates in development and diplomacy.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Engages in international cooperation.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Music and Dance: Fidjeri (pearl diving songs), Ardah (sword dance).
- Cultural Festivals: Bahrain International Music Festival, Spring of Culture.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Royal Charity Organization: Supports orphans and humanitarian programs.
- Bahrain Red Crescent Society: Provides emergency aid and health services.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR): Monitors civil liberties.
- Amnesty International Bahrain: Reports on political repression and freedoms.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- National Audit Office: Oversees government expenditure.
- Ombudsman of the Interior Ministry: Handles complaints about law enforcement.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Militant Cells: Occasional incidents linked to Iran-backed groups.
- Security Concerns: Tensions with Shiite opposition and alleged foreign influence.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low; includes occasional theft and fraud.
- Cybercrime: Increasing financial and identity fraud.
- Human Trafficking: Reports of labour and sexual exploitation.
- Drug Trafficking: Controlled but present.
Bahrain plays a vital strategic and economic role in the Gulf region. While it has achieved economic diversification and remains a banking and oil hub, it faces internal challenges related to political reform, human rights, and regional security dynamics.
BANGLADESH
Country Report: Bangladesh
Summary Bangladesh, officially the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, is a South Asian country bordered by India on the west, north, and east, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Covering approximately 147,570 square kilometres, it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Since gaining independence from Pakistan in 1971, Bangladesh has made significant economic development, education, and health strides. Agriculture, the garment industry, and remittances drive the country’s economy.
History The region that is now Bangladesh has a rich cultural and political history, including ancient Hindu and Buddhist civilizations, Mughal rule, and British colonization. In 1947, East Bengal became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed Pakistan. Growing political and linguistic tensions with West Pakistan led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. After gaining independence, Bangladesh faced political instability, natural disasters, and poverty but has achieved notable economic progress and social development.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Bangladesh continues to experience rapid development, with strong growth in education, infrastructure, and gender equality. While political tensions and environmental risks persist, the country plays an increasingly important role in regional and global affairs.
Summary Bangladesh, officially the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, is a South Asian country bordered by India on the west, north, and east, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Covering approximately 147,570 square kilometres, it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Since gaining independence from Pakistan in 1971, Bangladesh has made significant economic development, education, and health strides. Agriculture, the garment industry, and remittances drive the country’s economy.
History The region that is now Bangladesh has a rich cultural and political history, including ancient Hindu and Buddhist civilizations, Mughal rule, and British colonization. In 1947, East Bengal became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed Pakistan. Growing political and linguistic tensions with West Pakistan led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. After gaining independence, Bangladesh faced political instability, natural disasters, and poverty but has achieved notable economic progress and social development.
Geography
- Location: South Asia, bordered by India, Myanmar, and the Bay of Bengal.
- Total Area: Approximately 147,570 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Ganges Delta, Sundarbans mangrove forest, Chittagong Hill Tracts.
- Climate: Tropical monsoon with hot, humid summers and mild winters.
- Natural Resources: Natural gas, coal, fertile soil, arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Ganges (Padma), Brahmaputra (Jamuna), Meghna Rivers.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 170 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Bengali (majority), Chakma, Marma, Santhal, and other indigenous groups.
- Languages:
- Official: Bengali (Bangla).
- Widely Spoken: English (especially in business and education).
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim (majority religion).
- Hinduism: Largest minority.
- Buddhism and Christianity: Practiced by smaller communities.
- Major Cities:
- Dhaka: Capital and economic centre.
- Chattogram (Chittagong): Major port and industrial hub.
- Khulna: Third-largest city and commercial centre.
- Rajshahi: Education and agricultural centre.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Includes the Bengal tiger, Gangetic dolphin, and numerous bird species.
- Environmental Challenges: Flooding, river erosion, air and water pollution, climate change vulnerability.
- Conservation Efforts: UNESCO-listed Sundarbans Reserve Forest and national parks.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Bangladesh Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force).
- International Partnerships: Active in UN peacekeeping missions; cooperates with India, China, and the U.S. on defence and security.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Founding member.
- Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC): Active member.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB): Major development partner.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Engages in development, climate, and peacekeeping programs.
- Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Promotes solar and wind energy initiatives.
- Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Supports gas and resource extraction governance.
Specialized International Organizations
- Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British colonial history.
- International Labour Organization (ILO): Works on labour rights and safety.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Music and Dance: Baul music, Jatra folk theatre.
- Cultural Festivals: Pahela Baishakh (Bengali New Year), Eid, Durga Puja.
Philanthropic Foundations
- BRAC (Building Resources Across Communities): World’s largest NGO, focuses on poverty reduction and education.
- Grameen Foundation: Pioneers microfinance and women’s empowerment.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Ain o Salish Kendra (ASK): Monitors civil liberties and justice.
- Odhikar: Engages in human rights documentation and advocacy.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC): Investigates public corruption.
- Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB): Monitors governance and integrity issues.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Jama’atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB): Domestic extremist group.
- Ansar al-Islam: Linked to international terror networks; security threat.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban centres, including theft and fraud.
- Cybercrime: Increasing incidents of digital fraud and online scams.
- Human Trafficking: Concerns over labour exploitation and cross-border trafficking.
- Drug Trafficking: Yaba (methamphetamine) smuggling from Myanmar.
Bangladesh continues to experience rapid development, with strong growth in education, infrastructure, and gender equality. While political tensions and environmental risks persist, the country plays an increasingly important role in regional and global affairs.
BHUTAN
Country Report: Bhutan
Summary Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas of South Asia. China borders it to the north and India to the south, east, and west. Covering approximately 38,394 square kilometres, Bhutan is known for its mountainous terrain, commitment to environmental conservation, and unique philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH). Since transitioning to a constitutional monarchy in 2008, Bhutan has maintained political stability while preserving its cultural heritage and Buddhist traditions.
History Bhutan's recorded history dates back to the 8th century with the arrival of Guru Rinpoche, who introduced Buddhism. The country was unified in the 17th century by Ngawang Namgyal, the Zhabdrung Rinpoche. Bhutan remained largely isolated until the 20th century and avoided colonization. In 2008, Bhutan became a constitutional monarchy with democratic elections. It has pursued a cautious modernization policy guided by cultural preservation and sustainable development.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Bhutan remains a peaceful and environmentally conscious nation committed to cultural identity, governance reforms, and sustainable development. Its unique approach to measuring progress through Gross National Happiness sets it apart as an alternative development model.
Summary Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas of South Asia. China borders it to the north and India to the south, east, and west. Covering approximately 38,394 square kilometres, Bhutan is known for its mountainous terrain, commitment to environmental conservation, and unique philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH). Since transitioning to a constitutional monarchy in 2008, Bhutan has maintained political stability while preserving its cultural heritage and Buddhist traditions.
History Bhutan's recorded history dates back to the 8th century with the arrival of Guru Rinpoche, who introduced Buddhism. The country was unified in the 17th century by Ngawang Namgyal, the Zhabdrung Rinpoche. Bhutan remained largely isolated until the 20th century and avoided colonization. In 2008, Bhutan became a constitutional monarchy with democratic elections. It has pursued a cautious modernization policy guided by cultural preservation and sustainable development.
Geography
- Location: South Asia, bordered by China and India.
- Total Area: Approximately 38,394 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Himalayas, Black Mountains, deep valleys.
- Climate: Ranges from subtropical in the south to alpine in the north.
- Natural Resources: Hydropower, forests, minerals (gypsum, calcium carbonate).
- Major Rivers: Drangme Chhu, Wang Chhu, Puna Tsang Chhu.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 800,000 (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Ngalop, Sharchop, Lhotshampa (of Nepali origin), and other minorities.
- Languages:
- Official: Dzongkha.
- Widely Spoken: Nepali, Tshangla (Sharchopkha), English (taught in schools).
- Religion:
- Buddhism: Predominantly Vajrayana Buddhist (state religion).
- Hinduism: Practiced by the Lhotshampa community.
- Major Cities:
- Thimphu: Capital and largest city.
- Phuentsholing: Key commercial hub.
- Paro: Home to the international airport.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich in endemic species, including red pandas, takins, and Himalayan birds.
- Environmental Challenges: Glacial lake outburst floods, climate change, waste management.
- Conservation Efforts: Over 70% forest cover; national parks and biological corridors.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Royal Bhutan Army (RBA), Royal Bodyguard, and Royal Bhutan Police.
- International Partnerships: Defense and diplomatic support primarily from India.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO) (Observer): Not yet a full member.
- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Member.
- Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC): Member.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1971.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in hydropower initiatives.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB): Major development partners.
- World Health Organization (WHO): Engages in healthcare support.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Music and Dance: Cham (masked dances), folk songs.
- Cultural Festivals: Tshechus in Paro, Thimphu, and other dzongs.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Tarayana Foundation: Focuses on rural development and poverty reduction.
- Bhutan Foundation: Supports conservation, education, and governance.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Bhutan Centre for Media and Democracy: Promotes civil society and media awareness.
- International Human Rights Organizations: Monitor minority rights and freedoms.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC): Oversees public sector integrity.
- Royal Audit Authority (RAA): Ensures financial transparency.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No major domestic terrorist threats; previous insurgent presence was expelled in the early 2000s.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low levels, mostly in urban areas.
- Cybercrime: Emerging but limited.
- Human Trafficking: Rare; under monitoring.
- Drug Abuse: Increasing concern, particularly among youth.
Bhutan remains a peaceful and environmentally conscious nation committed to cultural identity, governance reforms, and sustainable development. Its unique approach to measuring progress through Gross National Happiness sets it apart as an alternative development model.
BRUNEI
Country Report: Brunei
Summary Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a tiny, oil-rich sultanate located on the northern coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by the South China Sea and surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Covering approximately 5,765 square kilometres, Brunei is known for its wealth derived from petroleum and natural gas reserves, absolute monarchy under the Sultan, and high standard of living. The country implements a blend of English common law and Islamic sharia law.
History Brunei was a powerful maritime empire from the 14th to 16th centuries, with influence across Borneo and the southern Philippines. It became a British protectorate in 1888 and gained complete independence in 1984. The ruling monarchy, the House of Bolkiah, has maintained continuous power for over six centuries. Brunei has since leveraged its oil wealth to build a prosperous, welfare-based society with free healthcare and education.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Summary Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a tiny, oil-rich sultanate located on the northern coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by the South China Sea and surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Covering approximately 5,765 square kilometres, Brunei is known for its wealth derived from petroleum and natural gas reserves, absolute monarchy under the Sultan, and high standard of living. The country implements a blend of English common law and Islamic sharia law.
History Brunei was a powerful maritime empire from the 14th to 16th centuries, with influence across Borneo and the southern Philippines. It became a British protectorate in 1888 and gained complete independence in 1984. The ruling monarchy, the House of Bolkiah, has maintained continuous power for over six centuries. Brunei has since leveraged its oil wealth to build a prosperous, welfare-based society with free healthcare and education.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia, on the north coast of Borneo, surrounded by Malaysia and the South China Sea.
- Total Area: Approximately 5,765 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Coastal plains, hilly lowlands, and mountainous interiors.
- Climate: Tropical equatorial, hot and humid with abundant rainfall.
- Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, timber.
- Major Rivers: Belait River, Tutong River, Temburong River.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 450,000 (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Malay (majority), Chinese, indigenous peoples (e.g., Dusun, Murut), and expatriates.
- Languages:
- Official: Malay.
- Widely Spoken: English, Chinese (Mandarin, Hokkien), and indigenous languages.
- Religion:
- Islam: Official and dominant religion (Sunni branch).
- Buddhism, Christianity: Practiced by minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Bandar Seri Begawan: Capital and economic center.
- Kuala Belait: Oil and gas industry hub.
- Tutong and Temburong: Smaller administrative districts.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich in tropical rainforests, mangroves, and endemic wildlife.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, waste management, and coastal erosion.
- Conservation Efforts: Ulu Temburong National Park and forest reserves protect ecosystems.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF), including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
- International Partnerships: Defense cooperation with the UK, Singapore, Malaysia, and the U.S.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Active participant.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Engaged in trade and economic policies.
Regional Political Unions
- ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC): Supports regional stability.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Not a member): Cooperates as a non-member oil producer.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports clean energy transitions.
Specialized International Organizations
- United Nations (UN): Active in sustainable development and diplomacy.
- Commonwealth of Nations: Member due to British protectorate history.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Music and Dance: Aduk-Aduk, Malay martial arts (Silat), Gulingtangan music.
- Cultural Festivals: Hari Raya Aidilfitri, National Day, Royal Birthday celebrations.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Foundation: Focuses on education, welfare, and healthcare.
- Brunei Red Crescent Society: Provides humanitarian assistance.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Brunei does not host major independent human rights organizations.
- International scrutiny: Focus on freedom of expression, gender equality, and implementation of Sharia law.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB): Investigates public sector misconduct.
- Auditor General's Office: Ensures financial accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No known terrorist threats; maintains high internal security.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low, includes minor theft and fraud.
- Drug Offenses: Strict anti-drug laws, with capital punishment for trafficking.
- Cybercrime: Increasing concern related to financial fraud and digital security.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored; labour and domestic exploitation issues reported.
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CAMBODIA
Country Report: Cambodia
Summary Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a Southeast Asian country on the Indochinese Peninsula. Thailand borders it to the west and northwest, Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east and south, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Covering approximately 181,035 square kilometres, Cambodia is known for its ancient Khmer civilization, particularly the Angkor Wat temple complex, and its modern recovery following the Khmer Rouge regime. The country has made economic progress in recent decades, driven by textiles, tourism, and agriculture.
History Cambodia has a rich cultural heritage rooted in the Khmer Empire (9th–15th centuries), which ruled much of mainland Southeast Asia. After centuries of foreign influence, it became a French protectorate in 1863 and gained independence in 1953. From 1975 to 1979, Cambodia experienced one of the worst genocides in modern history under the Khmer Rouge regime. A Vietnamese invasion in 1979 ended the regime, leading to years of civil conflict. The country transitioned to peace and relative stability in the 1990s with a constitutional monarchy and a multiparty political system.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Cambodia has made significant strides in post-conflict reconstruction and economic growth. While challenges remain in governance, human rights, and environmental conservation, it continues integrating into regional and global frameworks while preserving its rich cultural identity.
Summary Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a Southeast Asian country on the Indochinese Peninsula. Thailand borders it to the west and northwest, Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east and south, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Covering approximately 181,035 square kilometres, Cambodia is known for its ancient Khmer civilization, particularly the Angkor Wat temple complex, and its modern recovery following the Khmer Rouge regime. The country has made economic progress in recent decades, driven by textiles, tourism, and agriculture.
History Cambodia has a rich cultural heritage rooted in the Khmer Empire (9th–15th centuries), which ruled much of mainland Southeast Asia. After centuries of foreign influence, it became a French protectorate in 1863 and gained independence in 1953. From 1975 to 1979, Cambodia experienced one of the worst genocides in modern history under the Khmer Rouge regime. A Vietnamese invasion in 1979 ended the regime, leading to years of civil conflict. The country transitioned to peace and relative stability in the 1990s with a constitutional monarchy and a multiparty political system.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia, bordered by Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and the Gulf of Thailand.
- Total Area: Approximately 181,035 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Cardamom Mountains, Dangrek Mountains, Tonle Sap Basin.
- Climate: Tropical monsoon, with wet (May–October) and dry (November–April) seasons.
- Natural Resources: Timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower, and arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Mekong River, Tonle Sap Lake, Bassac River.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 17 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Khmer (majority), Vietnamese, Chinese, Cham, and indigenous minorities.
- Languages:
- Official: Khmer.
- Widely Spoken: French, English, Vietnamese.
- Religion:
- Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism is the state religion.
- Islam, Christianity, and animism: Practiced by minority groups.
- Major Cities:
- Phnom Penh: Capital and largest city.
- Siem Reap: Tourism hub near Angkor Wat.
- Battambang: Cultural and agricultural centre.
- Sihanoukville: Coastal port and industrial zone.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Home to elephants, tigers, gibbons, and diverse bird species.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, illegal logging, overfishing, water pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks and biosphere reserves such as Tonle Sap and Phnom Kulen.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), including Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie.
- International Partnerships: Cooperation with ASEAN, China, and limited U.S. military engagement.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Active member.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) (Observer): Participates in trade forums.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1955.
- ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC): Regional security cooperation.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in hydropower and solar energy.
- Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) (Candidate): Works on natural resource governance.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO: Supports heritage protection, including Angkor Wat.
- World Bank and ADB: Major development partners.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Music and Dance: Apsara dance, pinpeat ensemble.
- Cultural Festivals: Khmer New Year, Pchum Ben, Water Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Cambodian Red Cross: Provides disaster relief and humanitarian aid.
- Friends International: Supports vulnerable children and families.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR): Promotes civil liberties.
- LICADHO (Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights): Monitors human rights abuses.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Anti-Corruption Unit (ACU): Investigates official misconduct.
- Transparency International Cambodia: Monitors corruption and promotes governance reforms.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No active terrorist groups; internal security is stable.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Theft, pickpocketing, and scams are common in urban areas.
- Human Trafficking: Ongoing issues with labour and sexual exploitation.
- Cybercrime: Increasing online fraud and scams.
- Drug Trafficking: Reports of regional trafficking and abuse.
Cambodia has made significant strides in post-conflict reconstruction and economic growth. While challenges remain in governance, human rights, and environmental conservation, it continues integrating into regional and global frameworks while preserving its rich cultural identity.
CHINA
Country Report: China
Summary China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most populous country and the third-largest by land area. Located in East Asia, it shares borders with 14 countries and has a coastline along the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, China is a global economic and geopolitical power governed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1949. Its economy is the second-largest globally, driven by manufacturing, exports, technology, and a growing services sector.
History China spans thousands of years, which has been marked by dynastic rule, scientific innovation, and cultural development. Major dynasties include the Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. The imperial system ended in 1912, followed by the Republic of China. After a civil war, the Communist Party established the PRC 1949 under Mao Zedong. Key historical phases include the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and post-1978 economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping. China has since transitioned into a market-oriented economy with state-led control and increasing global influence.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
China remains dominant in global affairs, combining rapid economic growth, technological development, and strategic assertiveness. Despite challenges in environmental management, human rights, and regional tensions, it continues to shape international systems across trade, governance, and security.
Summary China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most populous country and the third-largest by land area. Located in East Asia, it shares borders with 14 countries and has a coastline along the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, China is a global economic and geopolitical power governed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1949. Its economy is the second-largest globally, driven by manufacturing, exports, technology, and a growing services sector.
History China spans thousands of years, which has been marked by dynastic rule, scientific innovation, and cultural development. Major dynasties include the Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. The imperial system ended in 1912, followed by the Republic of China. After a civil war, the Communist Party established the PRC 1949 under Mao Zedong. Key historical phases include the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and post-1978 economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping. China has since transitioned into a market-oriented economy with state-led control and increasing global influence.
Geography
- Location: East Asia, bordered by 14 countries, including India, Russia, and Mongolia.
- Total Area: Approximately 9,596,961 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau, Gobi Desert, Yangtze and Yellow River basins.
- Climate: Varies from subarctic in the north to tropical in the south.
- Natural Resources: Coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, rare earth elements, and arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Lake Poyang, Lake Tai.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 1.41 billion (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Han Chinese (majority), with 55 recognized ethnic minorities including Zhuang, Hui, Manchu, Uyghur, and Tibetan.
- Languages:
- Official: Standard Mandarin (Putonghua).
- Other Recognized Languages: Cantonese, Uyghur, Tibetan, Mongolian, Zhuang.
- Religion:
- Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Christianity: Practiced under state supervision.
- Folk religions and secularism: Widespread.
- Major Cities:
- Beijing: Capital and political centre.
- Shanghai: Largest city and financial hub.
- Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Chongqing, Wuhan: Major economic and cultural centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Home to unique species such as the giant panda and snow leopard.
- Environmental Challenges: Air and water pollution, desertification, habitat loss, and carbon emissions.
- Conservation Efforts: Expanding national parks, forestation programs, renewable energy investments.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: People's Liberation Army (PLA), including Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Rocket Force, and Strategic Support Force.
- International Partnerships: Strategic cooperation with Russia, Central Asia (SCO), and military modernization initiatives.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member since 2001.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Active member.
- Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Infrastructure and investment strategy spanning Asia, Africa, and Europe.
- Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): China-led multilateral development bank.
Regional Political Unions
- Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Founding member.
- BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa): Key multilateral forum.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Partner through dialogues): Major oil importer.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Major solar and wind energy investment player.
Specialized International Organizations
- United Nations (UN): Permanent member of the Security Council.
- World Health Organization (WHO): Active participant.
- World Bank and IMF: Member and major borrower/lender.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Calligraphy, martial arts, traditional Chinese medicine, opera.
- Cultural Festivals: Spring Festival (Chinese New Year), Mid-Autumn Festival, National Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation: Development and disaster relief.
- Jack Ma Foundation, Tencent Charity Foundation: Private sector-led philanthropy.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Domestic rights groups are limited; international scrutiny includes:
- Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International: Report on freedom of expression, minority rights (Uyghurs, Tibetans), and political dissent.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI): Anti-corruption enforcement.
- National Supervisory Commission: Oversees discipline in public service.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM): Labeled a terrorist group by China, it operates in Xinjiang and beyond.
- Other Security Concerns: Regional separatism and political dissent in Xinjiang, Tibet, and Hong Kong.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low in urban areas; includes theft and fraud.
- Cybercrime: Rising; includes hacking, data theft, and online fraud.
- Corruption: Targeted by government anti-corruption campaigns.
- Human Trafficking: Ongoing concerns about forced labour and exploitation.
China remains dominant in global affairs, combining rapid economic growth, technological development, and strategic assertiveness. Despite challenges in environmental management, human rights, and regional tensions, it continues to shape international systems across trade, governance, and security.
CYPRUS
Country Report: Northern Cyprus
Summary Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognized only by Turkey and is considered by the international community as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Covering approximately 3,355 square kilometres, Northern Cyprus operates under a separate administration with close political, economic, and military ties to Turkey. Its economy largely depends on Turkish aid and tourism, with ongoing political negotiations surrounding the island’s reunification.
History The island of Cyprus has a long Greek and Turkish cohabitation history. After independence from Britain in 1960, intercommunal tensions between Greek and Turkish Cypriots escalated. A 1974 coup by Greek nationalists prompted Turkey to intervene militarily, resulting in the occupation of the northern part of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared independence, which was not internationally recognized beyond Turkey. UN-led reunification efforts have continued, with intermittent peace talks between both communities.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Northern Cyprus operates in a complex geopolitical context, with ongoing efforts for international engagement and resolution of the Cyprus issue. While politically isolated, it maintains relative internal stability and continues economic and cultural development with Turkish support.
Summary Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognized only by Turkey and is considered by the international community as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Covering approximately 3,355 square kilometres, Northern Cyprus operates under a separate administration with close political, economic, and military ties to Turkey. Its economy largely depends on Turkish aid and tourism, with ongoing political negotiations surrounding the island’s reunification.
History The island of Cyprus has a long Greek and Turkish cohabitation history. After independence from Britain in 1960, intercommunal tensions between Greek and Turkish Cypriots escalated. A 1974 coup by Greek nationalists prompted Turkey to intervene militarily, resulting in the occupation of the northern part of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared independence, which was not internationally recognized beyond Turkey. UN-led reunification efforts have continued, with intermittent peace talks between both communities.
Geography
- Location: Eastern Mediterranean, occupying the northern part of Cyprus island.
- Total Area: Approximately 3,355 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Kyrenia Mountains, Mesaoria Plain, coastal lowlands.
- Climate: Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
- Natural Resources: Limited: arable land, minerals, offshore gas potential (disputed).
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Pedieos River (Kanlıdere), limited permanent water bodies.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 382,000 (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Turkish Cypriots, with Turkish settlers and minority communities.
- Languages:
- Official: Turkish.
- Widely Spoken: English.
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim.
- Christianity: Small Orthodox and Maronite Christian communities.
- Major Cities:
- North Nicosia: Capital and political centre.
- Kyrenia (Girne): Coastal tourism hub.
- Famagusta (Gazimağusa): Historic port city.
- Morphou (Güzelyurt): Agricultural centre.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich Mediterranean ecosystems; endemic flora and fauna.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, waste management, deforestation.
- Conservation Efforts: Protected areas, including Karpaz Peninsula and Natura 2000 sites (under dispute).
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Turkish Cypriot Security Forces (TCSF), supported by the Turkish military.
- International Partnerships: Military and strategic ties with Turkey.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): No member; international trade restricted.
- Turkish Economic Cooperation: Financial and trade support via Turkey.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) (Observer): Engages under “Turkish Cypriot State.”
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Subject to peacekeeping via UNFICYP; TRNC not recognized.
- European Union (EU): Recognizes only the Republic of Cyprus; EU law suspended in the North.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Hydrocarbon Exploration: Claims over disputed offshore natural gas; aligned with Turkey.
Specialized International Organizations
- International recognition is limited, and cooperation is mainly with Turkey.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Music and Dance: Turkish Cypriot folk music, Zeybek dance.
- Cultural Festivals: International Famagusta Art & Culture Festival, Bellapais Music Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Northern Cyprus Red Crescent: Provides humanitarian services.
- TRNC Foundations Department: Manages charitable trusts and Islamic endowments (vakıfs).
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Local NGOs: Focus on civil rights, women’s issues, and intercommunal peace.
- International Scrutiny: Primarily via Cyprus-related reports by UN and EU bodies.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Audit Office and Ombudsman: Oversee public administration.
- YÖDAK (Higher Education Accreditation Board): Supervises universities and academic integrity.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No active terrorist threats.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low to moderate; includes theft and traffic violations.
- Drug Offenses: Cannabis-related offences are increasing.
- Human Trafficking: Concerns related to foreign labour exploitation.
- Cybercrime: Rising cases of fraud and online scams.
Northern Cyprus operates in a complex geopolitical context, with ongoing efforts for international engagement and resolution of the Cyprus issue. While politically isolated, it maintains relative internal stability and continues economic and cultural development with Turkish support.
EAST TIMOR
Country Report: East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Summary East Timor, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a Southeast Asian nation located on the eastern half of the island of Timor, in the Lesser Sunda Islands. Indonesia borders it to the west, the Timor Sea to the south, and the Banda Sea to the north. Covering approximately 14,874 square kilometres, East Timor is one of the youngest countries in the world, gaining independence from Indonesia in 2002. Its economy primarily relies on oil and gas, agriculture, and international aid.
History East Timor was a Portuguese colony from the 16th century until 1975 when it declared independence. Shortly thereafter, Indonesia invaded and annexed the territory, leading to a 24-year occupation marked by conflict and human rights abuses. Following a UN-sponsored referendum in 1999, in which the population overwhelmingly voted for independence, violence erupted. A UN peacekeeping force intervened, and full sovereignty was restored in 2002. Since its independence, East Timor has held multiple democratic elections focused on nation-building and development.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
East Timor continues to build democratic institutions, improve governance, and reduce poverty. While reliant on oil revenues, the country is working toward diversifying its economy, improving public services, and strengthening ties with regional and global partners.
Summary East Timor, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a Southeast Asian nation located on the eastern half of the island of Timor, in the Lesser Sunda Islands. Indonesia borders it to the west, the Timor Sea to the south, and the Banda Sea to the north. Covering approximately 14,874 square kilometres, East Timor is one of the youngest countries in the world, gaining independence from Indonesia in 2002. Its economy primarily relies on oil and gas, agriculture, and international aid.
History East Timor was a Portuguese colony from the 16th century until 1975 when it declared independence. Shortly thereafter, Indonesia invaded and annexed the territory, leading to a 24-year occupation marked by conflict and human rights abuses. Following a UN-sponsored referendum in 1999, in which the population overwhelmingly voted for independence, violence erupted. A UN peacekeeping force intervened, and full sovereignty was restored in 2002. Since its independence, East Timor has held multiple democratic elections focused on nation-building and development.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia, the eastern half of Timor Island.
- Total Area: Approximately 14,874 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Central mountain ranges, coastal plains, and Atauro Island.
- Climate: Tropical, with distinct wet and dry seasons.
- Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, marble, gold, manganese, arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Loes River and Laclo River; no significant lakes.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 1.3 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Austronesian (including Tetum, Mambai), Papuan, small Chinese and Portuguese minorities.
- Languages:
- Official: Tetum and Portuguese.
- Recognized National Languages: Indonesian and English.
- Religion:
- Christianity: Predominantly Roman Catholic (over 95%).
- Islam and Protestantism: Minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Dili: Capital and largest city.
- Baucau: Second-largest city.
- Suai, Maliana, Lospalos: Regional centers.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich in tropical flora, fauna, coral reefs, and marine biodiversity.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, water scarcity, natural disasters (floods and landslides).
- Conservation Efforts: Protected areas include Nino Konis Santana National Park.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: FALINTIL-Forças de Defesa de Timor-Leste (F-FDTL) includes army and naval components.
- International Partnerships: Security cooperation with Australia, Portugal, and the UN.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO) (Observer): Candidate for accession.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Observer): Seeks full membership.
- Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP): Active member.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB): Development partner.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 2002.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Greater Sunrise Gas Project: Potential energy partnership with Australia.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports solar and hydro development.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Bank and IMF: Provide financial and policy support.
- World Health Organization (WHO): Partners on health initiatives.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Music and Dance: Tebe dance, Likurai drum dances.
- Cultural Festivals: Independence Day (May 20), Catholic feast days, traditional village ceremonies.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Alola Foundation: Supports women’s rights and development.
- Belun: Focuses on peacebuilding and social development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Judicial System Monitoring Programme (JSMP): Promotes justice and the rule of law.
- La’o Hamutuk: Monitors governance and development policy.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Anti-Corruption Commission (CAC): Investigates government transparency.
- Office of the Provedor for Human Rights and Justice: National ombudsman institution.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No known active terrorist groups; internal security is stable.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Theft and robbery occur, particularly in urban areas.
- Domestic Violence: Recognized issue with government intervention efforts.
- Human Trafficking: Reports of labour and sexual exploitation.
- Cybercrime: Emerging risk as digital infrastructure grows.
East Timor continues to build democratic institutions, improve governance, and reduce poverty. While reliant on oil revenues, the country is working toward diversifying its economy, improving public services, and strengthening ties with regional and global partners.
GEORGIA
Country Report: Georgia
Summary Georgia, officially the Republic of Georgia, is a country in the South Caucasus region at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north, Turkey and Armenia to the south, Azerbaijan to the southeast, and the Black Sea to the west. Covering approximately 69,700 square kilometres, Georgia is known for its diverse landscapes, ancient history, and strategic location. The country has pursued Euro-Atlantic integration since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
History Georgia has a long and complex history, with early Christian kingdoms such as Colchis and Iberia and a golden age during the medieval Georgian Kingdom. Following periods under Persian, Ottoman, and Russian control, Georgia declared independence in 1918, only to be incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1921. After regaining independence in 1991, Georgia underwent political upheaval, including the Rose Revolution (2003) and armed conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. After a brief war, Russia recognized both breakaway regions as independent states in 2008, though they remain internationally recognized as part of Georgia.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Georgia is a strategically located and reform-oriented nation balancing European integration with complex regional challenges. It continues to build strong institutions, promote tourism and energy transit, and develop its democratic governance framework.
Summary Georgia, officially the Republic of Georgia, is a country in the South Caucasus region at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north, Turkey and Armenia to the south, Azerbaijan to the southeast, and the Black Sea to the west. Covering approximately 69,700 square kilometres, Georgia is known for its diverse landscapes, ancient history, and strategic location. The country has pursued Euro-Atlantic integration since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
History Georgia has a long and complex history, with early Christian kingdoms such as Colchis and Iberia and a golden age during the medieval Georgian Kingdom. Following periods under Persian, Ottoman, and Russian control, Georgia declared independence in 1918, only to be incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1921. After regaining independence in 1991, Georgia underwent political upheaval, including the Rose Revolution (2003) and armed conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. After a brief war, Russia recognized both breakaway regions as independent states in 2008, though they remain internationally recognized as part of Georgia.
Geography
- Location: South Caucasus, bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, and the Black Sea.
- Total Area: Approximately 69,700 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains, Kolkheti Plain, Black Sea coast.
- Climate: Ranges from subtropical to alpine, with significant regional variation.
- Natural Resources: Hydropower, manganese, copper, forests, arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Mtkvari (Kura) River, Rioni River, Paravani Lake.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 3.7 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Georgian (majority), Azeri, Armenian, Russian, Ossetian, Abkhaz.
- Languages:
- Official: Georgian.
- Minority Languages: Russian, Armenian, Azeri.
- Religion:
- Christianity: Predominantly Georgian Orthodox.
- Islam: Minority religion.
- Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Judaism: Practiced by small communities.
- Major Cities:
- Tbilisi: Capital and largest city.
- Kutaisi: Historic capital and parliamentary centre.
- Batumi: Black Sea port and tourism hub.
- Rustavi, Zugdidi, Gori: Regional centers.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich in flora and fauna, including endemic Caucasus species.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, air pollution, water resource management.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks and biosphere reserves such as Borjomi-Kharagauli.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Georgian Defence Forces (GDF), including Land Forces, Air Force, and Coast Guard.
- International Partnerships: Strong cooperation with NATO, U.S., and EU security programs.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- European Union (EU) Association Agreement: Promotes trade and reform alignment.
- Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC): Engaged in regional economic development.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1992.
- Council of Europe: Member since 1999.
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): Engages in conflict resolution.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Southern Gas Corridor: This is the key transit route for Caspian energy to Europe.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in hydropower development.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Bank and IMF: Support infrastructure and governance reforms.
- Eastern Partnership (EU initiative): Supports EU integration and development.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Music and Dance: Polyphonic singing, Kartuli dance.
- Cultural Festivals: Tbilisoba (city celebration), New Wine Festival, film and jazz festivals.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Georgian Red Cross Society: Provides disaster and humanitarian relief.
- Cartu Foundation: Private philanthropy supporting culture, health, and education.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Georgian Young Lawyers’ Association (GYLA): Legal advocacy.
- Transparency International Georgia: Promotes accountability and anti-corruption.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- State Audit Office of Georgia: Monitors public sector spending.
- Anti-Corruption Agency (LEPL): Oversees ethics and integrity reforms.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No known active terrorist groups; focus remains on counter-extremism and border security.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban centres; includes theft and pickpocketing.
- Organized Crime: Related to smuggling and regional networks.
- Cybercrime: Increasing, including financial fraud and identity theft.
- Human Trafficking: Issues with labour and sexual exploitation.
Georgia is a strategically located and reform-oriented nation balancing European integration with complex regional challenges. It continues to build strong institutions, promote tourism and energy transit, and develop its democratic governance framework.
INDIA
Country Report: India
Summary India, officially the Republic of India, is a vast South Asian country with a rich cultural heritage and diverse geography. Bordered by Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar and surrounded by the Indian Ocean, it is the seventh-largest country by area and the most populous nation globally, surpassing 1.4 billion people. A federal parliamentary republic, India has emerged as one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies, driven by services, industry, and agriculture. India plays an influential role in global politics and regional security.
History India’s civilization dates back over 5,000 years, with the Indus Valley civilization and successive empires such as the Maurya, Gupta, Mughal, and British Raj shaping its development. British colonial rule lasted from the 18th century until independence in 1947, achieved through a nonviolent struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. Post-independence, India adopted a democratic constitution in 1950. The country has since developed a multiparty political system and modernized its economy while facing ongoing challenges, including poverty, inequality, and communal tensions.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
India is a rising global power with a dynamic economy, diverse society, and strategic geographic position. While it continues to address socio-economic challenges, India’s expanding influence, vibrant democracy, and commitment to sustainable growth make it a pivotal player in global affairs.
Summary India, officially the Republic of India, is a vast South Asian country with a rich cultural heritage and diverse geography. Bordered by Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar and surrounded by the Indian Ocean, it is the seventh-largest country by area and the most populous nation globally, surpassing 1.4 billion people. A federal parliamentary republic, India has emerged as one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies, driven by services, industry, and agriculture. India plays an influential role in global politics and regional security.
History India’s civilization dates back over 5,000 years, with the Indus Valley civilization and successive empires such as the Maurya, Gupta, Mughal, and British Raj shaping its development. British colonial rule lasted from the 18th century until independence in 1947, achieved through a nonviolent struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. Post-independence, India adopted a democratic constitution in 1950. The country has since developed a multiparty political system and modernized its economy while facing ongoing challenges, including poverty, inequality, and communal tensions.
Geography
- Location: South Asia, bordered by Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.
- Total Area: Approximately 3,287,263 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Thar Desert, Deccan Plateau, Western and Eastern Ghats.
- Climate: Varies from alpine in the north to tropical in the south; monsoon-influenced.
- Natural Resources: Coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, natural gas, limestone, arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Ganges, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Narmada, Chilika Lake.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 1.4 billion (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Indo-Aryan (72%), Dravidian (25%), others (3%).
- Languages:
- Official: Hindi and English.
- Scheduled Languages: 21 others, including Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, and Urdu.
- Religion:
- Hinduism: Majority.
- Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism: Significant minorities.
- Major Cities:
- New Delhi: Capital.
- Mumbai: Financial hub.
- Bengaluru: IT and innovation centre.
- Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad: Major metropolitan centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich ecosystems, including Western Ghats, Sundarbans, and Himalayas.
- Environmental Challenges: Air and water pollution, deforestation, climate change.
- Conservation Efforts: Project Tiger, Project Elephant, national parks and biosphere reserves.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard.
- International Partnerships: Strategic alliances with the U.S., Russia, and France; member of QUAD with the U.S., Japan, and Australia.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Founding member.
- G20: Active member.
- BRICS: Member alongside Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Active member, contributing to peacekeeping.
- Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Full member.
- BIMSTEC: Engaged in South Asian and Southeast Asian cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Solar Alliance (ISA): Co-founder and leading member.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in renewable energy expansion.
Specialized International Organizations
- Commonwealth of Nations: Member.
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Cooperates on civilian nuclear energy.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Classical Arts: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Hindustani and Carnatic music.
- Festivals: Diwali, Eid, Holi, Christmas, Durga Puja, Baisakhi.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Tata Trusts, Azim Premji Foundation: Focus on health, education, and rural development.
- GiveIndia, Akshaya Patra Foundation: Grassroots development initiatives.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL): Monitors civil liberties.
- Amnesty International India (operations restricted): Reports on civil rights.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Central Vigilance Commission (CVC): Monitors government integrity.
- Lokpal and Lokayuktas: Anti-corruption oversight bodies.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Cross-border Militants: Activity in Jammu and Kashmir.
- Left-Wing Extremism: Naxalite-Maoist insurgency in central-eastern India.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban areas.
- Cybercrime: Increasing incidents of online fraud and data breaches.
- Gender-Based Violence: Major social issue; government intervention ongoing.
- Terrorism and Insurgency: Regional challenges, especially in border states.
India is a rising global power with a dynamic economy, diverse society, and strategic geographic position. While it continues to address socio-economic challenges, India’s expanding influence, vibrant democracy, and commitment to sustainable growth make it a pivotal player in global affairs.
INDONESIA
Country Report: Indonesia
Summary Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is the world's largest archipelagic state and the fourth most populous country. Located in Southeast Asia, it comprises over 17,000 islands stretching between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The government is known for its cultural diversity, natural beauty, and strategic economic and geopolitical significance. Since its independence from the Netherlands in 1945, Indonesia has evolved into the largest economy in Southeast Asia, driven by manufacturing, natural resources, and a growing digital economy.
History Indonesia's history spans prehistoric settlements, early Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, Islamic sultanates, and centuries of Dutch colonial rule. After the Japanese occupation during World War II, Indonesia declared independence in 1945. It faced internal and external conflicts, transitioning from Sukarno's guided democracy to Suharto's authoritarian New Order regime. Following Suharto's resignation in 1998, Indonesia embraced democratic reforms, decentralization, and strengthened civil society. It continues to navigate ethnic, religious, and regional diversity while fostering economic growth.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Indonesia continues to expand its influence as a democratic, resource-rich, and strategically located archipelagic nation. It balances rapid development with social inclusion and environmental protection while playing a central role in regional cooperation and global diplomacy.
Summary Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is the world's largest archipelagic state and the fourth most populous country. Located in Southeast Asia, it comprises over 17,000 islands stretching between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The government is known for its cultural diversity, natural beauty, and strategic economic and geopolitical significance. Since its independence from the Netherlands in 1945, Indonesia has evolved into the largest economy in Southeast Asia, driven by manufacturing, natural resources, and a growing digital economy.
History Indonesia's history spans prehistoric settlements, early Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, Islamic sultanates, and centuries of Dutch colonial rule. After the Japanese occupation during World War II, Indonesia declared independence in 1945. It faced internal and external conflicts, transitioning from Sukarno's guided democracy to Suharto's authoritarian New Order regime. Following Suharto's resignation in 1998, Indonesia embraced democratic reforms, decentralization, and strengthened civil society. It continues to navigate ethnic, religious, and regional diversity while fostering economic growth.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
- Total Area: Approximately 1,904,569 square kilometers.
- Major Islands: Java, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan), Sulawesi, Papua.
- Climate: Tropical, with two seasons (wet and dry).
- Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, coal, gold, palm oil, tin, copper.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Kapuas River, Mahakam River, Lake Toba.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 275 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Javanese (most significant), Sundanese, Malay, Batak, Madurese, and hundreds of others.
- Languages:
- Official: Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian).
- Recognized Regional Languages: Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and others.
- Religion:
- Islam: Majority (approximately 87%).
- Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism: Minority religions.
- Major Cities:
- Jakarta: Capital and economic hub.
- Surabaya: Major port and industrial centre.
- Bandung, Medan, Makassar: Key regional cities.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Among the world's most prosperous, including orangutans, tigers, and coral reefs.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, air and water pollution, natural disasters (earthquakes, volcanoes).
- Conservation Efforts: National parks, marine protected areas, reforestation programs.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: The Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) consists of the Army, Navy (including Marine Corps), and Air Force.
- International Partnerships: Engages with ASEAN, UN peacekeeping, and bilateral security with the U.S., Australia, and China.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- G20: Active member.
- ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations): Founding member.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Active member.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1950.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Founding member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Former Member): Cooperates with OPEC as a non-member.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner for solar, geothermal, and hydro projects.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Bank, IMF, ADB: Key development partners.
- UNESCO: Supports heritage and education projects (e.g., Borobudur Temple).
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Wayang puppetry, gamelan music, batik textile art.
- Cultural Festivals: Idul Fitri, Nyepi (Balinese New Year), Waisak (Buddhist Day), Independence Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Dompet Dhuafa, Rumah Zakat: Focus on poverty reduction and education.
- Indonesia Mengajar: Promotes educational equality in remote areas.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- KontraS (Commission for the Disappeared and Victims of Violence): Monitors civil liberties.
- Human Rights Working Group (HRWG): Advocates on international human rights issues.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK): Leads anti-corruption efforts.
- Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia: Ensures administrative justice.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Jemaah Islamiyah (JI): Islamist extremist group with a history of attacks.
- Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT): Reduced presence in Sulawesi; targeted by counterterrorism operations.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, includes theft and fraud.
- Drug Trafficking: Strict penalties; narcotics smuggling a concern.
- Cybercrime: Rising digital threats and online fraud.
- Human Trafficking: Challenges with forced labour and migration exploitation.
Indonesia continues to expand its influence as a democratic, resource-rich, and strategically located archipelagic nation. It balances rapid development with social inclusion and environmental protection while playing a central role in regional cooperation and global diplomacy.
IRAN
Country Report: Iran
Summary Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a large, strategically important country in Western Asia. It borders Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, and Iraq and has coastlines on the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. Covering approximately 1.65 million square kilometres, Iran is rich in history, culture, and natural resources, particularly oil and gas. Governed as a theocratic republic since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran maintains a complex relationship with the international community, balancing domestic policies with regional influence.
History Iran, formerly known as Persia, dates back to ancient empires such as the Achaemenids, Parthians, and Sassanids. It was an important centre of science, art, and culture in the Islamic world. The 20th century saw the fall of the Qajar dynasty, the rise of the Pahlavi monarchy, and eventually the 1979 Islamic Revolution, which replaced the Shah with a clerical regime led by Ayatollah Khomeini. Since then, Iran has been governed under a unique system combining religious and republican institutions. Key events include the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), nuclear development controversies, and ongoing regional tensions.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Iran remains a pivotal regional power with vast energy resources, historical depth, and political influence. While facing sanctions, internal challenges, and international scrutiny, it continues to assert itself in regional geopolitics and global diplomacy.
Summary Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a large, strategically important country in Western Asia. It borders Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, and Iraq and has coastlines on the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. Covering approximately 1.65 million square kilometres, Iran is rich in history, culture, and natural resources, particularly oil and gas. Governed as a theocratic republic since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran maintains a complex relationship with the international community, balancing domestic policies with regional influence.
History Iran, formerly known as Persia, dates back to ancient empires such as the Achaemenids, Parthians, and Sassanids. It was an important centre of science, art, and culture in the Islamic world. The 20th century saw the fall of the Qajar dynasty, the rise of the Pahlavi monarchy, and eventually the 1979 Islamic Revolution, which replaced the Shah with a clerical regime led by Ayatollah Khomeini. Since then, Iran has been governed under a unique system combining religious and republican institutions. Key events include the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), nuclear development controversies, and ongoing regional tensions.
Geography
- Location: Western Asia, bordered by seven countries and two significant bodies of water.
- Total Area: Approximately 1,648,195 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Zagros and Alborz Mountains, Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts, Iranian Plateau.
- Climate: Ranges from arid and semi-arid to subtropical along the Caspian coast.
- Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, coal, copper, lead, zinc, uranium.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Karun River, Lake Urmia (shrinking due to drought and diversion).
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 87 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Persian (majority), Azeri, Kurdish, Lur, Baloch, Arab, Turkmen.
- Languages:
- Official: Persian (Farsi).
- Other Languages: Azeri, Kurdish, Arabic, Luri, Balochi.
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Shia Muslim (official religion).
- Sunni Muslims, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Baháʼí Faith: Minority religions (some heavily restricted).
- Major Cities:
- Tehran: Capital and largest city.
- Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz: Key cultural and economic centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Includes cheetahs, wolves, Caspian seals, and migratory birds.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, air pollution, deforestation.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks and international cooperation on biodiversity.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defense Forces: Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces, including the Army (Artesh), Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Navy, and Air Force.
- International Partnerships: Strategic ties with Syria, Russia, and non-state actors; limited formal alliances.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Observer status.
- Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO): Founding member.
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Member.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1945.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Active member.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- OPEC: Major oil producer and exporter.
- Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF): Member.
Specialized International Organizations
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Oversees Iran’s nuclear program.
- World Health Organization (WHO): Cooperates on health policies.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Persian calligraphy, carpet weaving, classical poetry.
- Cultural Festivals: Nowruz (Persian New Year), Ashura, Chaharshanbe Suri.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Bonyads (charitable trusts): Large semi-governmental foundations managing social welfare.
- Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation: Provides aid and economic assistance.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Domestic human rights groups face restrictions.
- International groups: Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch report on press freedom, political prisoners, and minority rights.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Supreme Audit Court: Oversees public sector finances.
- General Inspection Organization (GIO): Investigates corruption.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- The U.S. and some allies designate the IRGC-Quds Force as a terrorist group.
- Regional militant ties: Hezbollah (Lebanon), Houthis (Yemen), and others.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low-to-moderate in urban areas.
- Drug Trafficking: Significant transit country for narcotics; strict penalties.
- Cybercrime: State-linked and non-state cyber operations reported.
- Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and migrant exploitation.
Iran remains a pivotal regional power with vast energy resources, historical depth, and political influence. While facing sanctions, internal challenges, and international scrutiny, it continues to assert itself in regional geopolitics and global diplomacy.
IRAQ
Country Report: Iraq
Summary Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Syria. Covering approximately 437,367 square kilometres, Iraq is home to ancient Mesopotamian civilizations and has played a key role in regional history. Rich in oil and natural gas, Iraq's modern era has been shaped by conflicts, including the Iran-Iraq War, the Gulf War, the 2003 U.S.-led invasion, and the fight against ISIS. It is a federal parliamentary republic with ongoing security, governance, and economic diversification challenges.
History Iraq's territory encompasses the ancient civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. It was part of the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I and became a British mandate before gaining independence in 1932. After decades of monarchy and military rule, Saddam Hussein's regime dominated from 1979 to 2003. The U.S.-led invasion in 2003 toppled his government, triggering years of insurgency, sectarian violence, and eventually a war against ISIS (2014–2017). Iraq continues to recover from these conflicts while facing political fragmentation and foreign influence.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Iraq continues to face complex security, governance, and economic recovery challenges. With significant oil reserves and a young population, the country holds long-term stability and development potential, contingent on political reforms and sustainable peace.
Summary Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Syria. Covering approximately 437,367 square kilometres, Iraq is home to ancient Mesopotamian civilizations and has played a key role in regional history. Rich in oil and natural gas, Iraq's modern era has been shaped by conflicts, including the Iran-Iraq War, the Gulf War, the 2003 U.S.-led invasion, and the fight against ISIS. It is a federal parliamentary republic with ongoing security, governance, and economic diversification challenges.
History Iraq's territory encompasses the ancient civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. It was part of the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I and became a British mandate before gaining independence in 1932. After decades of monarchy and military rule, Saddam Hussein's regime dominated from 1979 to 2003. The U.S.-led invasion in 2003 toppled his government, triggering years of insurgency, sectarian violence, and eventually a war against ISIS (2014–2017). Iraq continues to recover from these conflicts while facing political fragmentation and foreign influence.
Geography
- Location: Western Asia, bordered by Turkey, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Syria.
- Total Area: Approximately 437,367 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, Zagros Mountains, western deserts.
- Climate: Mostly arid and semi-arid; Mediterranean in the north.
- Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur, arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Tigris River, Euphrates River, Lake Tharthar, Lake Habbaniyah.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 43 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Arab (majority), Kurdish, Turkmen, Assyrian, Yazidi.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic and Kurdish.
- Other Recognized Languages: Turkmen, Syriac, Armenian.
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Shia (60–65%) and Sunni (30–35%) Muslims.
- Christianity, Yazidism, Mandaeism: Minority religions.
- Major Cities:
- Baghdad: Capital and largest city.
- Basra: Key port city and oil hub.
- Erbil: Capital of the Kurdistan Region.
- Mosul, Najaf, Karbala: Important cultural and religious centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Wetlands, riverine ecosystems, desert flora and fauna.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, pollution, declining wetlands.
- Conservation Efforts: Restoration of Mesopotamian Marshes, reforestation projects.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Iraqi Armed Forces include the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF).
- International Partnerships: Security cooperation with the U.S., NATO, Iran, and global coalitions against terrorism.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Observer status.
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Founding member.
- Arab Monetary Fund (AMF): Member.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1945.
- Arab League: Founding member.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- OPEC: Major oil exporter.
- Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF): Member.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Participates in renewable energy programs.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Bank and IMF: Provide reconstruction and development aid.
- UNESCO: Supports heritage restoration in conflict-affected areas.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Maqam music, calligraphy, carpet weaving.
- Cultural Festivals: Baghdad International Film Festival, religious pilgrimages to Najaf and Karbala.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Iraqi Red Crescent Society: Provides humanitarian relief.
- Al-Khoei Foundation: Supports Shia communities and education.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Iraqi Observatory for Human Rights: Monitors civil liberties.
- Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch: Report on rights violations, especially in conflict zones.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Commission of Integrity (CoI): Investigates corruption in public institutions.
- Federal Board of Supreme Audit: Oversees government financial practices.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS): Weakened but retains sleeper cells.
- Other Armed Groups: Includes Iran-backed militias and tribal militias operating semi-independently.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban areas; includes theft and fraud.
- Terrorism: Ongoing threat from ISIS and affiliated groups.
- Corruption: Widespread across sectors.
- Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and sexual exploitation.
- Cybercrime: Emerging threats involving financial fraud and hacking.
Iraq continues to face complex security, governance, and economic recovery challenges. With significant oil reserves and a young population, the country holds long-term stability and development potential, contingent on political reforms and sustainable peace.
ISRAEL
Country Report: Israel
Summary Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It shares borders with Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and the Palestinian territories (West Bank and Gaza Strip). Covering approximately 22,072 square kilometres, Israel is a technologically advanced, high-income nation with a diverse society. Founded in 1948, it is a parliamentary democracy with a vibrant economy, strong military, and ongoing geopolitical tensions, particularly about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
History Modern Israel was established in 1948 following the end of the British Mandate and a UN partition plan. The Declaration of Independence led to the first Arab-Israeli War. Israel has since fought multiple conflicts with neighbouring Arab states and engaged in peace agreements with Egypt (1979) and Jordan (1994). The Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains unresolved, with key issues including borders, refugees, and the status of Jerusalem. Internally, Israel has experienced periods of political stability and division with a dynamic multiparty system.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organisations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organisations
Specialised International Organisations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Israel remains a highly developed, technologically innovative country with strong regional and global influence. Its security dynamics, political landscape, and peace efforts continue to shape domestic and international policies.
Summary Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It shares borders with Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and the Palestinian territories (West Bank and Gaza Strip). Covering approximately 22,072 square kilometres, Israel is a technologically advanced, high-income nation with a diverse society. Founded in 1948, it is a parliamentary democracy with a vibrant economy, strong military, and ongoing geopolitical tensions, particularly about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
History Modern Israel was established in 1948 following the end of the British Mandate and a UN partition plan. The Declaration of Independence led to the first Arab-Israeli War. Israel has since fought multiple conflicts with neighbouring Arab states and engaged in peace agreements with Egypt (1979) and Jordan (1994). The Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains unresolved, with key issues including borders, refugees, and the status of Jerusalem. Internally, Israel has experienced periods of political stability and division with a dynamic multiparty system.
Geography
- Location: Middle East, bordered by Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and the Palestinian territories.
- Total Area: Approximately 22,072 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Negev Desert, Galilee Hills, Jordan Rift Valley.
- Climate: Mediterranean in the north; arid and semi-arid in the south.
- Natural Resources: Natural gas, potash, copper, magnesium, timber, arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Jordan River, Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret), Dead Sea.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 9.6 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Jewish (about 74%), Arab (about 21%), and others (including Druze Circassians).
- Languages:
- Official: Hebrew.
- Additional Recognised Language: Arabic.
- Religion:
- Judaism: Majority.
- Islam, Christianity, Druze: Practiced by minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Jerusalem: Declared capital.
- Tel Aviv: Financial and technological hub.
- Haifa, Beersheba, Eilat: Key regional cities.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Mediterranean forests, desert flora, coral reefs in the Red Sea.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks, reforestation programs, advanced water recycling.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Israel's Defense Forces (IDF) include ground forces, air forces, and the navy.
- International Partnerships: Strong alliance with the U.S., defence cooperation with various countries.
Economic Organisations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Member.
- World Bank and IMF: Collaborate on economic development.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1949.
- Middle East Quartet: Participates in peace negotiations (with EU, UN, U.S., and Russia).
Energy and Resource Organisations
- Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum: Cooperates on gas exploration.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports solar and green energy.
Specialised International Organisations
- UNESCO, WHO, IAEA: Engaged in cultural, health, and scientific cooperation.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Klezmer music, Mizrahi traditions, Jewish liturgical music.
- Cultural Festivals: Hanukkah, Passover, Ramadan, Christmas, Independence Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Jewish Agency for Israel: Supports immigration and community development.
- Hadassah and other medical/educational foundations: Provide services and scholarships.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI): Monitors rights issues.
- B'Tselem: Focuses on human rights in the occupied territories.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- State Comptroller of Israel: Oversees public sector integrity.
- Movement for Quality Government: Civil society watchdog.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Operate from Gaza; conflict with Israeli forces.
- Hezbollah: Lebanon-based group with a history of conflict with Israel.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Moderate in urban areas; includes theft and fraud.
- Cybercrime: Advanced cyber sector; threats include espionage and cyberattacks.
- Terrorism: Ongoing risk from regional conflicts and lone actors.
- Human Trafficking: Under monitoring; anti-trafficking measures in place.
Israel remains a highly developed, technologically innovative country with strong regional and global influence. Its security dynamics, political landscape, and peace efforts continue to shape domestic and international policies.
JAPAN
Country Report: Japan
Summary Japan, officially known as Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, is an island nation in East Asia in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It has four main islands—Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku—and over 6,800 smaller islands. Covering approximately 377,975 square kilometres, Japan is one of the world’s most technologically advanced and economically powerful countries. It is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government, a leading global exporter, and a key player in international diplomacy and innovation.
History Japan has a rich history marked by imperial dynasties, samurai rule, and periods of isolation and modernisation. The Meiji Restoration (1868) launched rapid industrialisation and modernisation. Japan became a significant imperial power in the early 20th century but suffered defeat in World War II after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Post-war Japan adopted a pacifist constitution and rebuilt it into a global economic powerhouse. Despite economic stagnation, Japan remains influential in international trade, technology, and culture.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organisations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organisations
Specialised International Organisations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Japan remains a global leader in technology, innovation, and diplomacy, combining modern infrastructure with deep cultural traditions. Its economy, stable governance, and strategic alliances continue to shape its role as a key player in regional and global affairs.
Summary Japan, officially known as Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, is an island nation in East Asia in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It has four main islands—Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku—and over 6,800 smaller islands. Covering approximately 377,975 square kilometres, Japan is one of the world’s most technologically advanced and economically powerful countries. It is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government, a leading global exporter, and a key player in international diplomacy and innovation.
History Japan has a rich history marked by imperial dynasties, samurai rule, and periods of isolation and modernisation. The Meiji Restoration (1868) launched rapid industrialisation and modernisation. Japan became a significant imperial power in the early 20th century but suffered defeat in World War II after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Post-war Japan adopted a pacifist constitution and rebuilt it into a global economic powerhouse. Despite economic stagnation, Japan remains influential in international trade, technology, and culture.
Geography
- Location: East Asia, in the Pacific Ocean east of the Korean Peninsula and China.
- Total Area: Approximately 377,975 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Japanese Alps, Kanto Plain, Mount Fuji.
- Climate: Ranges from humid continental in the north to subtropical in the south.
- Natural Resources: Limited; includes fish, rare earth elements, and hydroelectric potential.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Shinano River, Tone River, Lake Biwa.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 125 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Japanese; small populations of Koreans, Chinese, and indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan peoples.
- Languages:
- Official: Japanese.
- Other Languages: Ainu and Ryukyuan dialects (regionally).
- Religion:
- Shinto and Buddhism: The majority practice both.
- Christianity and others: Minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Tokyo: Capital and largest metropolitan area.
- Osaka, Kyoto, Yokohama, Sapporo, Nagoya: Major urban centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Includes unique island species, forested mountains, and marine ecosystems.
- Environmental Challenges: Earthquakes, typhoons, industrial pollution, nuclear risks.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks, carbon neutrality goals, disaster preparedness infrastructure.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF): Ground, Maritime, and Air Components.
- International Partnerships: Security alliance with the United States; cooperation with ASEAN, NATO, and QUAD.
Economic Organisations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Group of Seven (G7) and Twenty (G20): Active member.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Member.
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Founding member.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1956.
- ASEAN+3 and East Asia Summit: Regional dialogues.
Energy and Resource Organisations
- International Energy Agency (IEA): Member.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports renewable development.
Specialised International Organisations
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Engages in nuclear safety.
- World Bank, IMF, WHO, UNESCO: Active participant.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Kabuki, Noh theatre, ikebana (flower arranging), tea ceremony.
- Cultural Festivals: Cherry Blossom Festival, Gion Matsuri, Tanabata, Obon.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Japan Foundation: Promotes cultural exchange.
- Nippon Foundation: Focuses on education, health, and maritime safety.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Japan Federation of Bar Associations: Monitors legal rights.
- Human Rights Now, Amnesty International Japan: Civil liberties advocacy.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Board of Audit of Japan: Oversees fiscal transparency.
- Public Prosecutors Office: Investigates political and bureaucratic misconduct.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No known active domestic terrorist groups; vigilance against foreign threats.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low overall; includes bicycle theft and fraud.
- Cybercrime: Increasing incidents of hacking, online fraud, and scams.
- Organised Crime: Yakuza presence is declining due to strict enforcement.
- Human Trafficking: Under monitoring with international cooperation.
Japan remains a global leader in technology, innovation, and diplomacy, combining modern infrastructure with deep cultural traditions. Its economy, stable governance, and strategic alliances continue to shape its role as a key player in regional and global affairs.
JORDAN
Country Report: Jordan
Summary Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a strategically located country in the Middle East. It shares borders with Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Israel, and the Palestinian territories and has a short coastline along the Red Sea at the Gulf of Aqaba. Covering approximately 89,342 square kilometres, Jordan is a constitutional monarchy known for its political stability despite a volatile regional environment. The country plays a vital role in Middle Eastern diplomacy and hosts a significant refugee population.
History Jordan was part of various ancient civilizations, including the Nabataean and Roman empires. Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the Emirate of Transjordan was established under British mandate. It gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. King Hussein ruled from 1952 to 1999, navigating wars with Israel and internal strife. His son, King Abdullah II, has continued policies of modernization and reform while maintaining strong ties with Western allies and balancing regional pressures.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Jordan remains a key moderate actor in the Middle East, balancing reform with tradition and security with diplomacy. While challenged by resource constraints and refugee pressures, it continues to serve as a hub for international cooperation and regional stability.
Summary Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a strategically located country in the Middle East. It shares borders with Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Israel, and the Palestinian territories and has a short coastline along the Red Sea at the Gulf of Aqaba. Covering approximately 89,342 square kilometres, Jordan is a constitutional monarchy known for its political stability despite a volatile regional environment. The country plays a vital role in Middle Eastern diplomacy and hosts a significant refugee population.
History Jordan was part of various ancient civilizations, including the Nabataean and Roman empires. Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the Emirate of Transjordan was established under British mandate. It gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. King Hussein ruled from 1952 to 1999, navigating wars with Israel and internal strife. His son, King Abdullah II, has continued policies of modernization and reform while maintaining strong ties with Western allies and balancing regional pressures.
Geography
- Location: Middle East, bordered by Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Israel, and the West Bank.
- Total Area: Approximately 89,342 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Jordan Rift Valley, Eastern Desert, highlands.
- Climate: Mostly arid desert; Mediterranean in the northwest.
- Natural Resources: Phosphates, potash, limestone, shale oil.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Jordan River, Dead Sea (shared), Zarqa River.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 11 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Arab (majority), Circassian, Armenian, Chechen.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Widely Spoken: English (second language in education and business).
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim.
- Christianity: Minority, mainly Greek Orthodox.
- Major Cities:
- Amman: Capital and largest city.
- Irbid, Zarqa: Major urban centres.
- Aqaba: Port city on the Red Sea.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Home to unique desert species and marine life in the Gulf of Aqaba.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: Dana Biosphere Reserve, Azraq Wetland Reserve.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF), including the Army, Air Force, and Navy.
- International Partnerships: Close cooperation with the U.S., NATO, and Arab League on regional security.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA): Participant.
- World Bank and IMF: Key development and financial partners.
Regional Political Unions
- Arab League: Founding member.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
- United Nations (UN): Active member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner on solar and wind development.
- Arab Atomic Energy Agency (AAEA): Member.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNHCR: Works closely on refugee issues.
- UNESCO, WHO: Engaged in education and health programs.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Dabke dance, Arabic calligraphy, Bedouin crafts.
- Cultural Festivals: Jerash Festival for Culture and Arts, Amman International Book Fair.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Jordan River Foundation: Focuses on child safety community empowerment.
- King Hussein Foundation: Supports health, education, and civil society.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Arab Renaissance for Democracy and Development (ARDD): Legal aid and human rights promotion.
- National Centre for Human Rights (NCHR): Government-affiliated monitoring body.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Jordan Anti-Corruption Commission: Investigates and prevents public corruption.
- Audit Bureau of Jordan: Oversees government spending and accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Islamic State (ISIS) Affiliates: Regional presence; Jordan has faced cross-border threats.
- Domestic Security: High counterterrorism capabilities and intelligence cooperation.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Generally low; includes theft and fraud.
- Cybercrime: Increasing with growing internet penetration.
- Drug Trafficking: Transit and destination for narcotics; government action ongoing.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored; includes migrant labour exploitation.
Jordan remains a key moderate actor in the Middle East, balancing reform with tradition and security with diplomacy. While challenged by resource constraints and refugee pressures, it continues to serve as a hub for international cooperation and regional stability.
KAZAKHSTAN
Country Report: Kazakhstan
Summary Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is the world's largest landlocked country and the ninth-largest by land area. Located in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe, it shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Covering approximately 2.7 million square kilometres, Kazakhstan is rich in natural resources, especially oil, gas, and minerals. It operates as a presidential republic and has transitioned from its Soviet past to a market-oriented economy while maintaining strong regional and global relations.
History Kazakhstan's territory has been inhabited by nomadic tribes for millennia, forming part of the Silk Road network. It was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 18th century and later became a Soviet Republic. Kazakhstan declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Under President Nursultan Nazarbayev, the country experienced economic growth and political stability, followed by a leadership transition to Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in 2019. Kazakhstan has since pursued reform and balanced diplomacy between major powers.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Kazakhstan plays a central role in Central Asia's political and economic landscape, balancing regional cooperation with global engagement. With significant energy resources, a young population, and strategic geography, it is a rising power focused on modernization and diversified development.
Summary Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is the world's largest landlocked country and the ninth-largest by land area. Located in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe, it shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Covering approximately 2.7 million square kilometres, Kazakhstan is rich in natural resources, especially oil, gas, and minerals. It operates as a presidential republic and has transitioned from its Soviet past to a market-oriented economy while maintaining strong regional and global relations.
History Kazakhstan's territory has been inhabited by nomadic tribes for millennia, forming part of the Silk Road network. It was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 18th century and later became a Soviet Republic. Kazakhstan declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Under President Nursultan Nazarbayev, the country experienced economic growth and political stability, followed by a leadership transition to Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in 2019. Kazakhstan has since pursued reform and balanced diplomacy between major powers.
Geography
- Location: Central Asia, bordered by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan.
- Total Area: Approximately 2,724,900 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Caspian Sea basin, Ustyurt Plateau, Tien Shan Mountains, steppe regions.
- Climate: Continental; hot summers and cold winters.
- Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, iron ore, copper, gold.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Irtysh River, Syr Darya, Lake Balkhash, Caspian Sea (inland).
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 19.5 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Kazakh (majority), Russian, Uzbek, Ukrainian, Uighur, German.
- Languages:
- Official: Kazakh.
- Recognized: Russian (widely used in government and business).
- Religion:
- Islam: Majority (Sunni, Hanafi school).
- Christianity: Russian Orthodox and other Christian denominations.
- Major Cities:
- Astana (Nur-Sultan): Capital city.
- Almaty: Largest town and cultural hub.
- Shymkent, Karaganda, Aktobe: Major urban centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Includes steppe, desert, and mountain ecosystems; home to snow leopards and saiga antelope.
- Environmental Challenges include desertification, air and water pollution, shrinkage of the Aral Sea, and contamination of a nuclear test site (Semipalatinsk).
- Conservation Efforts: Protected areas, reforestation, biodiversity restoration programs.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Armed Forces of Kazakhstan include ground forces, air defence, and naval forces.
- International Partnerships: Member of Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), cooperation with NATO through Partnership for Peace.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member since 2015.
- Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU): Founding member.
- Organization of Turkic States: Active participant.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB): Development partner.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1992.
- Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Founding member.
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): Active participant; hosted 2010 summit.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC+) (Partner): Cooperates on oil output policy.
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Engages in nuclear security and safety.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Develops renewable energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Bank, IMF: Provide economic and infrastructure support.
- UNESCO: Supports cultural preservation, including World Heritage Sites.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Kazakh music, dombra instrument, eagle hunting, felt-making.
- Cultural Festivals: Nauryz (New Year), Kurban Ait, and national holidays celebrate independence.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Nazarbayev Foundation: Supports education and research.
- Kazakhstan Red Crescent Society: Provides humanitarian assistance.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- International Legal Initiative (ILI): Legal advocacy and civil rights.
- Adil Soz Foundation: Monitors freedom of expression.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Anti-Corruption Agency of Kazakhstan: Oversees integrity in public service.
- Accounts Committee: Audits state finances and promotes transparency.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU): Previously active; threat level has decreased.
- Domestic Security: Vigilant against extremism; maintains counterterrorism strategy.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Occurs in urban areas; includes pickpocketing and fraud.
- Cybercrime: Increasing digital threats.
- Drug Trafficking: Transit route for narcotics; enforcement in place.
- Human Trafficking: The government monitors labour and sexual exploitation.
Kazakhstan plays a central role in Central Asia's political and economic landscape, balancing regional cooperation with global engagement. With significant energy resources, a young population, and strategic geography, it is a rising power focused on modernization and diversified development.
KUWAIT
Country Report: Kuwait
Summary Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a small, oil-rich country located in the Arabian Peninsula at the head of the Persian Gulf. Bordered by Iraq to the north and west and Saudi Arabia to the south, it covers approximately 17,818 square kilometres. Kuwait plays a key strategic and economic role in the Gulf region due to its significant petroleum reserves. It is a constitutional emirate with a semi-democratic political system and has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world.
History Historically, as part of ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, Kuwait emerged as a trading hub under various empires. In the 18th century, the Al Sabah family established rule. Kuwait became a British protectorate in 1899 and gained complete independence in 1961. The country was invaded by Iraq in 1990, leading to the Gulf War and liberation by a U.S.-led coalition in 1991. Post-war, Kuwait rebuilt rapidly and maintained strong security and economic ties with Western allies.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Kuwait remains a wealthy, strategically positioned Gulf state with strong security partnerships and economic stability. While facing challenges in governance reform and social equity, the country diversifies its economy and promotes regional cooperation.
Summary Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a small, oil-rich country located in the Arabian Peninsula at the head of the Persian Gulf. Bordered by Iraq to the north and west and Saudi Arabia to the south, it covers approximately 17,818 square kilometres. Kuwait plays a key strategic and economic role in the Gulf region due to its significant petroleum reserves. It is a constitutional emirate with a semi-democratic political system and has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world.
History Historically, as part of ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, Kuwait emerged as a trading hub under various empires. In the 18th century, the Al Sabah family established rule. Kuwait became a British protectorate in 1899 and gained complete independence in 1961. The country was invaded by Iraq in 1990, leading to the Gulf War and liberation by a U.S.-led coalition in 1991. Post-war, Kuwait rebuilt rapidly and maintained strong security and economic ties with Western allies.
Geography
- Location: Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.
- Total Area: Approximately 17,818 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Desert plains, coastal lagoons, Bubiyan and Failaka islands.
- Climate: Arid desert; hot summers and mild winters.
- Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, fish.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: None; dependent on desalinated water.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 4.3 million (2022 estimate), including expatriates.
- Ethnic Groups: Kuwaiti (about 30%), expatriates from Asia, Arab countries, and others.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Widely Spoken: English.
- Religion:
- Islam: Official religion (Sunni majority, Shia minority).
- Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism: Practiced by expatriates.
- Major Cities:
- Kuwait City: Capital and largest city.
- Al Ahmadi, Hawalli, Farwaniya: Urban and industrial centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Limited desert and marine species; migratory birds.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, pollution, oil spills.
- Conservation Efforts: Protected marine areas; initiatives on water conservation.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Kuwait's Armed Forces include the Army, Air Force, and Navy.
- International Partnerships: Member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC); hosts U.S. and allied forces.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Founding member.
- Arab Monetary Fund (AMF), IMF, World Bank: Economic partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1963.
- Arab League: Active member.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- OPEC: Major oil producer and exporter.
- Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting (GOIC): Engages in regional industry cooperation.
- IRENA: Partner in solar and energy diversification initiatives.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, IAEA: Cooperates on culture, health, and nuclear safety.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Sadu weaving, pearl diving music, Arabic calligraphy.
- Cultural Festivals: Hala February, National Day, Liberation Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Kuwait Red Crescent Society: Provides humanitarian aid.
- Zakat House: Supports social welfare and Islamic charity.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Kuwait Society for Human Rights: Monitors domestic rights issues.
- International groups: Report on stateless persons (Bidoon) and migrant labour rights.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- State Audit Bureau: Oversees public finance.
- Kuwait Anti-Corruption Authority (Nazaha): Promotes transparency.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No major active domestic threats; maintains vigilance against regional extremism.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low; includes theft and fraud.
- Cybercrime: Growing concern, particularly financial fraud.
- Human Trafficking: Issues related to migrant labour exploitation.
- Drug Trafficking: Controlled through strict enforcement.
Kuwait remains a wealthy, strategically positioned Gulf state with strong security partnerships and economic stability. While facing challenges in governance reform and social equity, the country diversifies its economy and promotes regional cooperation.
KYRGYZSTAN
Country Report: Kyrgyzstan
Summary Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China. Covering approximately 199,951 square kilometres, Kyrgyzstan is known for its rugged mountains, nomadic culture, and democratic institutions, making it one of the more politically open countries in the region. Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the country has undergone significant political and economic reforms while grappling with poverty, regional tensions, and infrastructure challenges.
Turkic nomadic tribes have historically inhabited history Kyrgyzstan's territory. It became part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century and later the Soviet Union. After declaring independence in 1991, Kyrgyzstan experienced political instability, including revolutions in 2005 and 2010 that led to changes in leadership. The country adopted a parliamentary system in 2010 but has experienced a shift back toward presidential authority in recent years. Ethnic tensions, particularly in the south, and economic hardship remain significant issues.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Kyrgyzstan is a mountainous, resource-rich nation striving for democratic governance and regional cooperation. Despite political volatility and socio-economic challenges, it continues to pursue development through reform, international engagement, and regional partnerships.
Summary Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China. Covering approximately 199,951 square kilometres, Kyrgyzstan is known for its rugged mountains, nomadic culture, and democratic institutions, making it one of the more politically open countries in the region. Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the country has undergone significant political and economic reforms while grappling with poverty, regional tensions, and infrastructure challenges.
Turkic nomadic tribes have historically inhabited history Kyrgyzstan's territory. It became part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century and later the Soviet Union. After declaring independence in 1991, Kyrgyzstan experienced political instability, including revolutions in 2005 and 2010 that led to changes in leadership. The country adopted a parliamentary system in 2010 but has experienced a shift back toward presidential authority in recent years. Ethnic tensions, particularly in the south, and economic hardship remain significant issues.
Geography
- Location: Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China.
- Total Area: Approximately 199,951 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Tien Shan Mountains, Fergana Valley, Issyk-Kul Lake.
- Climate: Continental; cold winters and hot summers.
- Natural Resources: Gold, coal, uranium, mercury, hydropower.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Naryn River, Chu River, Issyk-Kul Lake (second-largest saline lake in the world).
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 6.7 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Kyrgyz (majority), Uzbek, Russian, Dungan, and other minorities.
- Languages:
- Official: Kyrgyz.
- Recognized: Russian (official language of interethnic communication).
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim.
- Christianity: Russian Orthodox and other Christian denominations.
- Major Cities:
- Bishkek: Capital and largest city.
- Osh: Historic and economic hub in the south.
- Jalal-Abad, Karakol, Tokmok: Other regional centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich alpine flora and fauna, including snow leopards and ibex.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, water pollution, glacier retreat due to climate change.
- Conservation Efforts: Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve and Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic.
- International Partnerships: A member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), it cooperates with Russia and China on security.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member since 1998.
- Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU): Member since 2015.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB), IMF, World Bank: Development partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1992.
- Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Member.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner for hydropower development.
- CAREC (Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation): Infrastructure and energy cooperation.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Health Organization (WHO), UNESCO, UNDP: Active in development and health.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Manas epic poetry, felt-making, eagle hunting.
- Cultural Festivals: Nooruz (Spring New Year), World Nomad Games, national Independence Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Public Foundation Soros-Kyrgyzstan: Focuses on education, governance, and human rights.
- Red Crescent Society of Kyrgyzstan: Provides humanitarian support.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Bir Duino Kyrgyzstan: Focuses on civil society and legal rights.
- Kylym Shamy: Monitors political repression and legal justice.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- State Financial Intelligence Service: Investigates financial crimes.
- Anti-Corruption Business Council: Engages in reform advocacy.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU): Previously active; regional threat has diminished.
- Counterterrorism: National strategy in cooperation with CSTO and SCO partners.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban areas; includes theft and scams.
- Organized Crime: Includes smuggling and corruption.
- Drug Trafficking: Transit country for narcotics from Afghanistan.
- Human Trafficking: Concerns over labour and sex trafficking.
Kyrgyzstan is a mountainous, resource-rich nation striving for democratic governance and regional cooperation. Despite political volatility and socio-economic challenges, it continues to pursue development through reform, international engagement, and regional partnerships.
LAOS
Country Report: Laos
Summary Laos, officially the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar. Covering approximately 236,800 square kilometres, Laos is known for its mountainous terrain, Mekong River basin, and diverse ethnic groups. It is a one-party socialist republic governed by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party. While one of the least developed countries in the region, Laos has pursued economic liberalization and regional integration, mainly through the ASEAN framework.
History Laos has a rich legacy dating back to the Lan Xang Kingdom in the 14th century. It became a French protectorate in the late 19th century and gained independence in 1953. Following years of civil war, the communist Lao People’s Revolutionary Party seized power in 1975, ending the monarchy. Since then, Laos has remained a single-party state, gradually opening its economy while maintaining political control. The country remains closely aligned with Vietnam and China.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Laos remains a strategically located, resource-rich country that balances economic growth and political centralization. With continued infrastructure development and regional engagement, it plays an increasingly important role in mainland Southeast Asia.
Summary Laos, officially the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar. Covering approximately 236,800 square kilometres, Laos is known for its mountainous terrain, Mekong River basin, and diverse ethnic groups. It is a one-party socialist republic governed by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party. While one of the least developed countries in the region, Laos has pursued economic liberalization and regional integration, mainly through the ASEAN framework.
History Laos has a rich legacy dating back to the Lan Xang Kingdom in the 14th century. It became a French protectorate in the late 19th century and gained independence in 1953. Following years of civil war, the communist Lao People’s Revolutionary Party seized power in 1975, ending the monarchy. Since then, Laos has remained a single-party state, gradually opening its economy while maintaining political control. The country remains closely aligned with Vietnam and China.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia, bordered by China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar.
- Total Area: Approximately 236,800 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Annamite Mountains, Mekong River Valley, Bolaven Plateau.
- Climate: Tropical monsoon; distinct wet and dry seasons.
- Natural Resources: Timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, copper.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Mekong River, Nam Ou, Nam Ngum reservoirs.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 7.5 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Lao (majority), Khmu, Hmong, and over 40 other ethnic groups.
- Languages:
- Official: Lao.
- Other Languages: Hmong, Khmu, French, and various indigenous dialects.
- Religion:
- Theravada Buddhism: Dominant religion.
- Animism and Christianity: Practiced by minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Vientiane: Capital and largest city.
- Luang Prabang: Cultural heritage site.
- Savannakhet, Pakse: Regional centers.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich in tropical flora and fauna, including elephants, leopards, and rare birds.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, illegal logging, wildlife trafficking, water pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: National protected areas and forest management initiatives.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Lao People’s Armed Forces (Army, Air Force).
- International Partnerships: Close military cooperation with Vietnam and China.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member since 2013.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Member since 1997.
- Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Regional infrastructure and trade initiatives.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB), IMF, and World Bank are major development partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1955.
- ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC): Participates in regional security dialogue.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Partner in hydropower and solar development.
- ASEAN Centre for Energy: Regional energy cooperation.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO: Active in education, health, and agriculture.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Lam music, textile weaving, Buddhist festivals.
- Cultural Festivals: Pi Mai (Lao New Year), That Luang Festival, and boat racing festivals.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Lao Red Cross: Provides humanitarian assistance.
- UXO Lao (Unexploded Ordnance): Supports landmine and bomb clearance.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Limited domestic advocacy due to political restrictions.
- International groups: Monitor freedom of expression, minority rights, and political detainees.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- State Inspection Authority: Oversees corruption investigations.
- National Assembly Committees: Engage in oversight of government accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No major active groups; past unrest among ethnic minority regions monitored.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Moderate; includes theft and scams, especially in urban areas.
- Drug Trafficking: Major transit country in the regional narcotics trade.
- Human Trafficking: Reports of labour and sexual exploitation.
- Cybercrime: Limited but growing with internet expansion.
Laos remains a strategically located, resource-rich country that balances economic growth and political centralization. With continued infrastructure development and regional engagement, it plays an increasingly important role in mainland Southeast Asia.
LEBANON
Country Report: Lebanon
Summary Lebanon, officially the Lebanese Republic, is a small but strategically significant country in the Middle East. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Covering approximately 10,452 square kilometres, Lebanon is known for its diverse religious and ethnic composition, historical significance, and vibrant cultural heritage. Despite periods of economic prosperity, Lebanon has faced frequent political instability, regional conflict spillovers, and economic crises in recent decades.
History Lebanon’s territory has been part of several ancient civilizations, including Phoenician, Roman, and Ottoman. It became a French mandate after World War I and gained independence in 1943. The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) deeply affected the country’s demographics and institutions. Post-war reconstruction saw periods of economic revival, but political paralysis, widespread protests, and economic collapse have marked recent years. The 2020 Beirut port explosion further intensified Lebanon’s crises.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Lebanon is a culturally rich, historically significant nation striving for stability and recovery. Despite political divisions and economic hardship, it retains regional importance and resilience through strong civil society, global diaspora ties, and ongoing reform efforts.
Summary Lebanon, officially the Lebanese Republic, is a small but strategically significant country in the Middle East. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Covering approximately 10,452 square kilometres, Lebanon is known for its diverse religious and ethnic composition, historical significance, and vibrant cultural heritage. Despite periods of economic prosperity, Lebanon has faced frequent political instability, regional conflict spillovers, and economic crises in recent decades.
History Lebanon’s territory has been part of several ancient civilizations, including Phoenician, Roman, and Ottoman. It became a French mandate after World War I and gained independence in 1943. The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) deeply affected the country’s demographics and institutions. Post-war reconstruction saw periods of economic revival, but political paralysis, widespread protests, and economic collapse have marked recent years. The 2020 Beirut port explosion further intensified Lebanon’s crises.
Geography
- Location: Middle East, bordered by Syria, Israel, and the Mediterranean Sea.
- Total Area: Approximately 10,452 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountain ranges, Bekaa Valley, coastal plains.
- Climate: Mediterranean; mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers.
- Natural Resources: Limestone, iron ore, salt, water, arable land.
- There are a few natural lakes and major rivers, such as the Litani and Orontes Rivers.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 5.5 million (2022 estimate), excluding over 1 million refugees.
- Ethnic Groups: Arab (majority), Armenian, and other minorities.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Widely Spoken: French, English, Armenian.
- Religion:
- Islam: Sunni and Shia (approximately 60%).
- Christianity: Maronite, Greek Orthodox, and other denominations (approximately 35%).
- Druze: Minority sect.
- Major Cities:
- Beirut: Capital and cultural centre.
- Tripoli, Sidon, Tyre, Zahle: Regional urban hubs.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Cedar forests, mountainous wildlife habitats, marine ecosystems.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, water pollution, waste management.
- Conservation Efforts: Protected areas include Horsh Ehden and Shouf Biosphere Reserve.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) includes the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
- International Partnerships: Receives aid and training from the U.S., France, and UNIFIL peacekeeping support.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Observer.
- Arab Monetary Fund (AMF), International Monetary Fund (IMF): Financial assistance and economic monitoring.
- Union for the Mediterranean: Regional economic cooperation.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Founding member.
- Arab League: Member.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum: Member.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Cooperates on solar and wind development.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Bank, IMF, UNESCO, WHO: Active in economic, health, and development programs.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Dabke dance, Arabic calligraphy, Levantine cuisine.
- Cultural Festivals: Baalbeck International Festival, Beirut Art Fair, religious holidays.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Lebanese Red Cross: Humanitarian aid and emergency response.
- Hariri Foundation, Rene Moawad Foundation: Focus on education, development, and relief.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Legal Agenda: Legal reforms and rights monitoring.
- ALEF (Act for Human Rights): Advocacy and awareness campaigns.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Central Inspection Board: Oversees administrative functions.
- Anti-Corruption Commission (established 2020): Enforces transparency laws.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Hezbollah: Shia militant and political group; part of the Lebanese government but designated a terrorist organization by several countries.
- Other Extremist Elements: Sporadic activity by ISIS-linked militants in border areas.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, including theft and scams.
- Corruption: Widespread across public sectors.
- Cybercrime: Growing concern amid economic instability.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored; includes domestic servitude and labour exploitation.
Lebanon is a culturally rich, historically significant nation striving for stability and recovery. Despite political divisions and economic hardship, it retains regional importance and resilience through strong civil society, global diaspora ties, and ongoing reform efforts.
MALAYSIA
Country Report: Malaysia
Summary Malaysia, officially the Federation of Malaysia, is a Southeast Asian country composed of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. It shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and maritime borders with the Philippines, Vietnam, and Singapore. Covering approximately 330,803 square kilometres, Malaysia is a multiethnic, multicultural, and multireligious federation with a growing, diversified economy. It is a constitutional monarchy with a rotating kingship and a parliamentary system of governance.
History Malaysia’s early history includes ancient Malay kingdoms and the influence of Indian, Chinese, and Islamic civilizations. European colonization began with the Portuguese and Dutch, followed by British control. The territories were unified and gained independence in 1957 as the Federation of Malaya, later forming Malaysia in 1963 with the inclusion of Sabah, Sarawak, and briefly Singapore (which left in 1965). Malaysia has since evolved into a middle-income country with significant progress in infrastructure, education, and industrialization.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Malaysia is a diverse, resource-rich nation pursuing balanced development, social harmony, and global engagement. While facing challenges in governance and inequality, its dynamic economy and strategic location continue to position it as a key player in Southeast Asia.
Summary Malaysia, officially the Federation of Malaysia, is a Southeast Asian country composed of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. It shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and maritime borders with the Philippines, Vietnam, and Singapore. Covering approximately 330,803 square kilometres, Malaysia is a multiethnic, multicultural, and multireligious federation with a growing, diversified economy. It is a constitutional monarchy with a rotating kingship and a parliamentary system of governance.
History Malaysia’s early history includes ancient Malay kingdoms and the influence of Indian, Chinese, and Islamic civilizations. European colonization began with the Portuguese and Dutch, followed by British control. The territories were unified and gained independence in 1957 as the Federation of Malaya, later forming Malaysia in 1963 with the inclusion of Sabah, Sarawak, and briefly Singapore (which left in 1965). Malaysia has since evolved into a middle-income country with significant progress in infrastructure, education, and industrialization.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia; borders Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei.
- Total Area: Approximately 330,803 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Titiwangsa Mountains, Crocker Range, coastal plains.
- Climate: Equatorial; hot and humid year-round with monsoon seasons.
- Natural Resources: Petroleum, palm oil, timber, tin, copper, natural gas.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Rajang River, Kinabatangan River, Pahang River.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 33.6 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Malay (majority), Chinese, Indian, Indigenous (Orang Asli, Dayak, Kadazan-Dusun).
- Languages:
- Official: Malay (Bahasa Malaysia).
- Widely Spoken: English, Mandarin, Tamil, indigenous languages.
- Religion:
- Islam: Official religion.
- Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, traditional beliefs: Practiced by minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Kuala Lumpur: National capital and financial hub.
- Putrajaya: Administrative capital.
- George Town, Johor Bahru, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching: Major urban centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Among the world's richest ecosystems, with rainforests, coral reefs, and endemic species.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, air and water pollution, wildlife trafficking.
- Conservation Efforts: Protected areas like Taman Negara, Kinabalu Park, and marine parks.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Malaysian Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force).
- International Partnerships: Member of Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA), ASEAN defence collaboration, and UN peacekeeping contributions.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Founding member.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Active participant.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1957.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Active participant.
- Commonwealth of Nations: Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Former Member): Coordinates oil production policy.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Collaborates on solar and hydro projects.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, World Bank, IMF: Active participation.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Wayang kulit, batik, silat, Chinese opera, Indian Bharatanatyam.
- Cultural Festivals: Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Chinese New Year, Deepavali, Thaipusam, Gawai, Kaamatan.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Yayasan Hasanah, MyKasih Foundation: Focus on poverty alleviation, education, and community development.
- Malaysian Red Crescent Society: Emergency response and health programs.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- SUARAM (Suara Rakyat Malaysia): Civil liberties and legal advocacy.
- Malaysian Bar Council Human Rights Committee: Legal support and human rights promotion.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC): Investigates corruption.
- National Audit Department: Ensures financial accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Militant Threats: Declining presence; continued vigilance against ISIS-affiliated individuals and regional extremism.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Moderate; includes theft, scams, and cybercrime.
- Drug Offenses: Strict penalties; capital punishment in severe cases.
- Cybercrime: Increasing due to digital expansion.
- Human Trafficking: Ongoing issue with forced labour and exploitation.
Malaysia is a diverse, resource-rich nation pursuing balanced development, social harmony, and global engagement. While facing challenges in governance and inequality, its dynamic economy and strategic location continue to position it as a key player in Southeast Asia.
MALDIVES
Country Report: Maldives
Summary The Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, is a tropical island nation in the Indian Ocean with around 1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls. It is located southwest of India and Sri Lanka and covers approximately 298 square kilometres, making it Asia’s smallest country by land area and population. The Maldives is renowned for its marine biodiversity, luxury tourism, and vulnerability to climate change. It operates as a presidential republic with a mixed economy centred on tourism, fishing, and construction.
History The Maldives has a long history of seafaring and trade, with early settlers from the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. It adopted Islam in the 12th century and was later a British protectorate until gaining independence in 1965. A republic was established in 1968. The country has experienced political instability in recent decades, including transitions between autocracy and democracy. Recent administrations have focused on democratic consolidation, economic growth, and environmental sustainability.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
The Maldives continues to build resilience against climate threats while developing its tourism-driven economy and democratic institutions. Its geopolitical importance, environmental vulnerability, and strategic partnerships make it a significant voice among small island nations.
Summary The Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, is a tropical island nation in the Indian Ocean with around 1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls. It is located southwest of India and Sri Lanka and covers approximately 298 square kilometres, making it Asia’s smallest country by land area and population. The Maldives is renowned for its marine biodiversity, luxury tourism, and vulnerability to climate change. It operates as a presidential republic with a mixed economy centred on tourism, fishing, and construction.
History The Maldives has a long history of seafaring and trade, with early settlers from the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. It adopted Islam in the 12th century and was later a British protectorate until gaining independence in 1965. A republic was established in 1968. The country has experienced political instability in recent decades, including transitions between autocracy and democracy. Recent administrations have focused on democratic consolidation, economic growth, and environmental sustainability.
Geography
- Location: South Asia, in the Indian Ocean, southwest of India and Sri Lanka.
- Total Area: Approximately 298 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Flat coral islands with no rivers or mountains.
- Climate: Tropical monsoon; warm and humid year-round with seasonal rains.
- Natural Resources: Fish, marine life, coral reefs.
- Major Water Bodies: Surrounding Indian Ocean and internal atoll lagoons.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 521,000 (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: South Asian (predominantly Maldivian, with Indian and Sri Lankan ancestry).
- Languages:
- Official: Dhivehi.
- Widely Spoken: English (especially in education and tourism).
- Religion:
- Islam: Official religion; all citizens must be Muslim by law.
- Major Cities:
- Malé: Capital and most populous city.
- Addu City: Secondary urban centre in the south.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, sharks, rays, and sea turtles.
- Environmental Challenges: Sea level rise, coral bleaching, freshwater scarcity, waste disposal.
- Conservation Efforts: Marine protected areas, climate adaptation projects, coral restoration.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF), including Coast Guard and Marine Corps.
- International Partnerships: Defense cooperation with India, the U.S., and regional organizations.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Founding member.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB), IMF, and World Bank are active development partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1965.
- Commonwealth of Nations: Rejoined in 2020.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports solar and clean energy initiatives.
- Small Island Developing States (SIDS) platform: Advocates for climate resilience.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNDP, UNESCO, WHO: Assist in health, education, and development projects.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Bodu beru drumming, lacquer work, coral stone architecture.
- Cultural Festivals: Independence Day, Republic Day, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Maldives Red Crescent: Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.
- Hope for Women: Focuses on gender-based violence and women's rights.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Transparency Maldives: Works on civic engagement and anti-corruption.
- Maldives Democracy Network (formerly active): Monitored civil liberties (operations suspended).
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC): Investigates corruption and promotes integrity.
- Auditor General’s Office: Monitors public financial management.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: There are no major active domestic terrorist groups, but some citizens have joined foreign extremist organizations; the government monitors radicalization and extremism.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low; includes theft and scams in tourist areas.
- Drug Offenses: Youth drug abuse is a growing concern.
- Cybercrime: Increasing with digital expansion.
- Human Trafficking: Concerns related to migrant worker exploitation.
The Maldives continues to build resilience against climate threats while developing its tourism-driven economy and democratic institutions. Its geopolitical importance, environmental vulnerability, and strategic partnerships make it a significant voice among small island nations.
MONGOLIA
Country Report: Mongolia
Summary Mongolia, officially the State of Mongolia, is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east, and west. It covers approximately 1.56 million square kilometres and is the 18th largest country by area but one of the least densely populated. Mongolia is known for its vast steppes, nomadic culture, and historical legacy as the heart of the Mongol Empire. It is a parliamentary democracy with a resource-rich economy.
History Mongolia's history is dominated by the legacy of Genghis Khan, who united the Mongol tribes in the early 13th century and established one of the largest empires in history. Following centuries of internal conflict and Qing rule, Mongolia declared independence in 1911, with complete sovereignty recognized in 1921 after a Soviet-backed revolution. It remained a Soviet satellite until 1990 when democratic reforms introduced multiparty elections and a new constitution. Since then, Mongolia has pursued democratic governance and economic liberalization.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Mongolia continues to strengthen its democratic institutions and develop its vast natural resources while maintaining a diplomatic balance between neighbouring powers. Its strategic location and rich cultural heritage position it as a vital actor in regional affairs.
Summary Mongolia, officially the State of Mongolia, is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east, and west. It covers approximately 1.56 million square kilometres and is the 18th largest country by area but one of the least densely populated. Mongolia is known for its vast steppes, nomadic culture, and historical legacy as the heart of the Mongol Empire. It is a parliamentary democracy with a resource-rich economy.
History Mongolia's history is dominated by the legacy of Genghis Khan, who united the Mongol tribes in the early 13th century and established one of the largest empires in history. Following centuries of internal conflict and Qing rule, Mongolia declared independence in 1911, with complete sovereignty recognized in 1921 after a Soviet-backed revolution. It remained a Soviet satellite until 1990 when democratic reforms introduced multiparty elections and a new constitution. Since then, Mongolia has pursued democratic governance and economic liberalization.
Geography
- Location: East and Central Asia, between Russia and China.
- Total Area: Approximately 1,564,116 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Gobi Desert, Altai Mountains, steppes, grasslands.
- Climate: Continental; long, cold winters and short, warm summers.
- Natural Resources: Coal, copper, gold, uranium, molybdenum, fluorspar.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Selenge River, Orkhon River, Lake Khövsgöl.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 3.4 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Khalkh Mongol (majority), Kazakh, and other Mongol groups.
- Languages:
- Official: Mongolian.
- Other Languages: Kazakh (in western regions), Russian, English.
- Religion:
- Buddhism (Tibetan tradition): Majority.
- Islam: Practiced by the Kazakh minority.
- Shamanism and Christianity: Small minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Ulaanbaatar: Capital and largest city.
- Darkhan, Erdenet, Choibalsan: Key urban centers.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Home to snow leopards, wild Bactrian camels, and saiga antelope.
- Environmental Challenges: Desertification, overgrazing, air pollution in Ulaanbaatar.
- Conservation Efforts: Protected areas, sustainable pastureland programs.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Mongolian Armed Forces (Army, Air Force, paramilitary units).
- International Partnerships: Cooperates with Russia, China, and the U.S. and participates in UN peacekeeping.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member since 1997.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) (Observer): Seeks membership.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB), IMF, World Bank: Key development partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1961.
- Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Observer status.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Engaged in wind and solar initiatives.
- Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Promotes resource governance.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO, ILO: Active development cooperation.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Morin khuur (horsehead fiddle), throat singing, Buddhist art.
- Cultural Festivals: Naadam (wrestling, archery, horse racing), Tsagaan Sar (Lunar New Year).
Philanthropic Foundations
- Mongolian Red Cross Society: Humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
- Zorig Foundation: Civic education and youth development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Globe International Center: Focus on media freedom and transparency.
- Centre for Human Rights and Development (CHRD): Legal advocacy.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Independent Authority Against Corruption (IAAC): Investigates corruption.
- National Audit Office of Mongolia: Ensures public financial accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No known active terrorist groups; low threat level.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban areas; includes pickpocketing theft.
- Organized Crime: Smuggling, illegal mining activities.
- Cybercrime: Emerging issue.
- Human Trafficking: Domestic and cross-border concerns involving labour and sex exploitation.
Mongolia continues to strengthen its democratic institutions and develop its vast natural resources while maintaining a diplomatic balance between neighbouring powers. Its strategic location and rich cultural heritage position it as a vital actor in regional affairs.
MYANMAR (BURMA)
Country Report: Myanmar (Burma)
Summary Myanmar, also known as Burma, is a Southeast Asian country bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos, and Thailand. Its coastline is along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Covering approximately 676,578 square kilometres, Myanmar is rich in natural resources and ethnic diversity. It has experienced decades of military rule, civil conflict, and political upheaval. Following a brief democratic transition, the military seized power again in 2021, prompting widespread unrest and international condemnation.
History Myanmar includes ancient kingdoms such as Pagan and successive empires until British colonization in the 19th century. It gained independence in 1948 but soon descended into ethnic conflict and military rule starting in 1962. The 2008 constitution paved the way for limited democratic reforms and elections in 2015 and 2020. However, the military coup in February 2021 overthrew the civilian government, leading to mass protests, armed resistance, and a humanitarian crisis.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Myanmar remains in a state of political crisis, with widespread armed resistance and a deteriorating humanitarian situation. The future of governance and stability remains uncertain amid sustained domestic unrest and international isolation.
Summary Myanmar, also known as Burma, is a Southeast Asian country bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos, and Thailand. Its coastline is along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Covering approximately 676,578 square kilometres, Myanmar is rich in natural resources and ethnic diversity. It has experienced decades of military rule, civil conflict, and political upheaval. Following a brief democratic transition, the military seized power again in 2021, prompting widespread unrest and international condemnation.
History Myanmar includes ancient kingdoms such as Pagan and successive empires until British colonization in the 19th century. It gained independence in 1948 but soon descended into ethnic conflict and military rule starting in 1962. The 2008 constitution paved the way for limited democratic reforms and elections in 2015 and 2020. However, the military coup in February 2021 overthrew the civilian government, leading to mass protests, armed resistance, and a humanitarian crisis.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia, bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos, and Thailand.
- Total Area: Approximately 676,578 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Irrawaddy Delta, Shan Plateau, Arakan Mountains.
- Climate: Tropical monsoon; hot, humid summers and rainy seasons.
- Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, timber, jade, copper, tin.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Irrawaddy River, Salween River, Sittaung River, Inle Lake.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 55 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Bamar (majority), Shan, Karen, Rakhine, Chin, Kachin, Mon, Rohingya, and others.
- Languages:
- Official: Burmese (Myanmar).
- Other Languages: Shan, Karen, Chin, Kachin, and various ethnic dialects.
- Religion:
- Buddhism: Predominantly Theravada.
- Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Animism: Minority religions.
- Major Cities:
- Naypyidaw: Administrative capital.
- Yangon: Largest city and economic centre.
- Mandalay: Cultural and religious centre.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich in forests and wildlife, including elephants, tigers, and endemic bird species.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, illegal logging, mining impacts, water pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: Limited due to conflict and weak enforcement.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Tatmadaw (Armed Forces of Myanmar), including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
- International Partnerships: Defense ties with Russia and China; subject to international sanctions and arms embargoes.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Member, though diplomatically isolated post-coup.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB), World Bank, IMF: Limited engagement due to governance concerns.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1948.
- ASEAN: Founding member.
- Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Engaged in solar and hydro energy cooperation.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO: Provide limited humanitarian and development assistance.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Marionette theatre, Buddhist murals, Thanaka skincare tradition.
- Cultural Festivals: Thingyan (Burmese New Year), Thadingyut (Festival of Lights), and ethnic regional festivals.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Myanmar Red Cross Society: Provides emergency aid and disaster relief.
- Relief and Resettlement Department (RRD): Government-aligned disaster response body.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP): Documents arrests and human rights abuses.
- Fortify Rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch: Monitor violations amid ongoing conflict.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar: Government body with limited effectiveness.
- Independent media and civil society groups: Suppressed under military rule.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) include the Kachin Independence Army, the Karen National Union, and the Arakan Army.
- People's Defense Forces (PDFs): Formed in response to the 2021 coup, they oppose the military junta.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Moderate; includes theft, especially in urban areas.
- Drug Trafficking: Major production and transit area for methamphetamines.
- Human Trafficking: High risk of labour and sex trafficking.
- Cybercrime: Increasing due to limited regulation and enforcement.
Myanmar remains in a state of political crisis, with widespread armed resistance and a deteriorating humanitarian situation. The future of governance and stability remains uncertain amid sustained domestic unrest and international isolation.
NEPAL
Country Report: Nepal
Summary Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia, bordered by China to the north and India to the south, east, and west. With an area of approximately 147,516 square kilometres, it is home to diverse geography ranging from the Himalayan mountains—including Mount Everest—to lowland plains. Nepal is a federal parliamentary republic and a multiethnic, multilingual nation with a rich cultural heritage rooted in Hindu and Buddhist traditions. Its economy is mainly agrarian, with tourism and remittances playing significant roles.
History Nepal has a long and continuous history as an independent nation that was never colonized despite British influence in South Asia. The country was unified in the 18th century under King Prithvi Narayan Shah. In 2008, following a decade-long Maoist insurgency and a peace process, Nepal transitioned from a constitutional monarchy to a federal democratic republic. The post-conflict period has focused on political reform, development, and constitutional implementation.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Nepal remains focused on development, infrastructure expansion, and federalization while navigating political transitions and environmental risks. Its unique geography and cultural heritage support a strong tourism sector and international engagement.
Summary Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia, bordered by China to the north and India to the south, east, and west. With an area of approximately 147,516 square kilometres, it is home to diverse geography ranging from the Himalayan mountains—including Mount Everest—to lowland plains. Nepal is a federal parliamentary republic and a multiethnic, multilingual nation with a rich cultural heritage rooted in Hindu and Buddhist traditions. Its economy is mainly agrarian, with tourism and remittances playing significant roles.
History Nepal has a long and continuous history as an independent nation that was never colonized despite British influence in South Asia. The country was unified in the 18th century under King Prithvi Narayan Shah. In 2008, following a decade-long Maoist insurgency and a peace process, Nepal transitioned from a constitutional monarchy to a federal democratic republic. The post-conflict period has focused on political reform, development, and constitutional implementation.
Geography
- Location: South Asia, between China (Tibet) and India.
- Total Area: Approximately 147,516 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Himalayas, Middle Hills, Terai lowlands.
- Climate: Ranges from subtropical in the south to alpine in the north.
- Natural Resources: Quartz, water, timber, hydropower, small deposits of minerals.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali rivers; Rara and Phewa lakes.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 30 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Chhetri, Brahmin, Magar, Tharu, Tamang, Newar, Muslim, and over 100 ethnic groups.
- Languages:
- Official: Nepali.
- Other Languages: Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, Tamang, and dozens of regional languages.
- Religion:
- Hinduism: Majority.
- Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Kiratism: Practiced by minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Kathmandu: Capital and largest city.
- Pokhara, Lalitpur, Biratnagar, Bhaktapur: Major urban centers.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Bengal tigers, snow leopards, and red pandas are among the world’s most prosperous in terms of species diversity.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, climate change impacts.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks such as Chitwan and Sagarmatha; community forestry programs.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: The Nepalese Army is under civilian control.
- International Partnerships: Peacekeeping contributor to UN missions; security cooperation with India and China.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Founding member.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB), IMF, World Bank: Development partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1955.
- Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Promotes hydropower and solar expansion.
- SAARC Energy Centre: Regional collaboration.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO, ILO: Active development and humanitarian engagement.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Thangka painting, wood carving, dance, and music.
- Cultural Festivals: Dashain, Tihar, Holi, Buddha Jayanti, Indra Jatra.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Nepal Red Cross Society: Humanitarian and disaster relief.
- Maiti Nepal: Focuses on trafficking prevention and rehabilitation.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC): Human rights monitoring.
- Forum for Women, Law and Development (FWLD): Legal advocacy for marginalized groups.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA): Anti-corruption watchdog.
- Office of the Auditor General: Promotes public accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No designated terrorist groups; residual political factions from the Maoist movement exist.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban areas; includes theft and fraud.
- Human Trafficking: Significant issue involving women and children.
- Drug Trafficking: Transit country; local consumption rising.
- Cybercrime: Growing concern with increased internet use.
Nepal remains focused on development, infrastructure expansion, and federalization while navigating political transitions and environmental risks. Its unique geography and cultural heritage support a strong tourism sector and international engagement.
NORTH KOREA
Country Report: North Korea
Summary North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a highly centralized, authoritarian state in East Asia. It shares borders with China and Russia to the north and South Korea to the south, with coastlines along the Sea of Japan (East Sea) and the Yellow Sea. Covering approximately 120,540 square kilometres, the DPRK is ruled by the Kim family dynasty under a totalitarian regime. The country is known for its isolation, military focus, and nuclear weapons development.
History Following the end of Japanese occupation in 1945, Korea was divided into Soviet- and U.S.-occupied zones, leading to the establishment of the DPRK in the north in 1948. The Korean War (1950–1953) ended in an armistice but no peace treaty, leaving the Korean Peninsula divided. Kim Il Sung ruled until 1994, succeeded by his son Kim Jong Il, and then Kim Jong Un in 2011. The regime has maintained strict internal control and a personality cult and pursued nuclear weapons, resulting in international sanctions and diplomatic tensions.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
North Korea remains one of the world's most closed societies, governed by a dynastic regime that prioritizes military power and regime survival. Despite limited economic capacity and extensive sanctions, it continues to assert geopolitical influence through nuclear development and regional tensions.
Summary North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a highly centralized, authoritarian state in East Asia. It shares borders with China and Russia to the north and South Korea to the south, with coastlines along the Sea of Japan (East Sea) and the Yellow Sea. Covering approximately 120,540 square kilometres, the DPRK is ruled by the Kim family dynasty under a totalitarian regime. The country is known for its isolation, military focus, and nuclear weapons development.
History Following the end of Japanese occupation in 1945, Korea was divided into Soviet- and U.S.-occupied zones, leading to the establishment of the DPRK in the north in 1948. The Korean War (1950–1953) ended in an armistice but no peace treaty, leaving the Korean Peninsula divided. Kim Il Sung ruled until 1994, succeeded by his son Kim Jong Il, and then Kim Jong Un in 2011. The regime has maintained strict internal control and a personality cult and pursued nuclear weapons, resulting in international sanctions and diplomatic tensions.
Geography
- Location: East Asia, between China, Russia, and South Korea.
- Total Area: Approximately 120,540 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Baekdu Mountain, coastal plains, uplands.
- Climate: Temperate with four seasons; harsh winters.
- Natural Resources: Coal, iron ore, limestone, magnesite, zinc, copper, gold.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Yalu River, Tumen River, Taedong River.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 25.8 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Ethnically homogeneous Korean.
- Languages:
- Official: Korean.
- Religion:
- State Atheism: Religious activities are strictly controlled.
- Traditional Beliefs: Buddhism and Confucianism are practiced covertly.
- Major Cities:
- Pyongyang: Capital and political centre.
- Hamhung, Chongjin, Nampo, Wonsan: Regional industrial cities.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Mountain and forest ecosystems; limited environmental data.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: Limited due to isolation and lack of transparency.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Korean People's Army (KPA), including Ground Force, Navy, Air and Anti-Air Force, and Strategic Rocket Force.
- International Partnerships: Close military ties with China and historical support from Russia.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Not a member.
- Limited engagement: Sanctioned by international bodies; some trade with China and Russia.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1991.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Participates in a limited capacity.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- No membership in major international energy organizations due to sanctions.
- Reliance on coal and hydropower; some foreign investment from China.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Health Organization (WHO), UNDP, FAO: Limited engagement.
- UN Sanctions Regime: Overseen by UN Security Council.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Cultural Identity: Emphasis on Juche ideology, revolutionary history.
- Cultural Celebrations: Day of the Sun (Kim Il Sung's birthday), military parades, national holidays.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Domestic foundations: Controlled by the state.
- International aid organizations: Heavily restricted; humanitarian aid channelled via UN agencies and select NGOs.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- No domestic groups are permitted.
- International Monitoring: UN Commission of Inquiry, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch report on widespread abuses.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Centralized authority under the Workers' Party of Korea.
- No independent oversight or anti-corruption framework.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No internal insurgent groups.
- Allegations of State-Sponsored Activities: Includes cyberattacks and overseas assassinations.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Difficult to verify; severe penalties enforced.
- Cybercrime: State-linked cyber units (e.g., Lazarus Group) implicated in global hacking.
- Drug Production: Methamphetamine was reportedly produced for export.
- Human Trafficking: Reports of forced labour and exploitation, including overseas workers.
North Korea remains one of the world's most closed societies, governed by a dynastic regime that prioritizes military power and regime survival. Despite limited economic capacity and extensive sanctions, it continues to assert geopolitical influence through nuclear development and regional tensions.
OMAN
Country Report: Oman
Summary Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is an Arab country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen and has coastlines along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Covering approximately 309,500 square kilometres, Oman is a stable monarchy known for its moderate foreign policy, rich maritime history, and relatively diversified economy. The country plays a key diplomatic role in regional affairs.
History Oman's history dates back to ancient trade networks and the maritime empire of the Omani Sultanate, which once controlled parts of East Africa and the Indian Ocean. 1970 Sultan Qaboos bin Said came to power and modernized the country. Following his death in 2020, Sultan Haitham bin Tariq succeeded him and has continued economic and administrative reforms. Oman maintains neutrality in regional conflicts and is known for its role as a mediator.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Oman remains a stable and moderate country in a volatile region. Focusing on economic diversification, diplomatic neutrality, and social cohesion, it plays a constructive role in regional and global affairs.
Summary Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is an Arab country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen and has coastlines along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Covering approximately 309,500 square kilometres, Oman is a stable monarchy known for its moderate foreign policy, rich maritime history, and relatively diversified economy. The country plays a key diplomatic role in regional affairs.
History Oman's history dates back to ancient trade networks and the maritime empire of the Omani Sultanate, which once controlled parts of East Africa and the Indian Ocean. 1970 Sultan Qaboos bin Said came to power and modernized the country. Following his death in 2020, Sultan Haitham bin Tariq succeeded him and has continued economic and administrative reforms. Oman maintains neutrality in regional conflicts and is known for its role as a mediator.
Geography
- Location: Middle East, southeast of the Arabian Peninsula.
- Total Area: Approximately 309,500 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Al Hajar Mountains, Rub' al Khali desert, Dhofar Mountains.
- Climate: Arid desert; subtropical along the coast and in the south.
- Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, copper, limestone, gypsum, fish.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: No permanent rivers; wadis are seasonal.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 4.5 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Arab (majority), Baluchi, South Asian, African descendants.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Other Languages: English, Baluchi, Swahili, Urdu.
- Religion:
- Islam: Official religion; majority Ibadi Muslim, with Sunni and Shia minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Muscat: Capital and largest city.
- Salalah: Economic and cultural centre in the south.
- Sohar, Nizwa, Sur: Regional hubs.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Marine ecosystems, desert wildlife, frankincense trees.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, oil pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: Arabian Oryx Sanctuary, Ras al Jinz turtle reserve.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Sultan of Oman’s Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force).
- International Partnerships: Strong ties with the UK and the U.S.; Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Founding member.
- Arab Monetary Fund, IMF, World Bank: Development partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1971.
- Arab League, Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC+) (Observer): Participates in oil production coordination.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Promotes solar and wind development.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, IAEA: Active in education, health, and scientific cooperation.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Omani music, silver jewellery, maritime crafts.
- Cultural Festivals: Muscat Festival, Salalah Tourism Festival, National Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Sultan Qaboos Higher Center for Culture and Science: Promotes knowledge and dialogue.
- Oman Charitable Organization: Provides local and international aid.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- National Human Rights Commission of Oman: Monitors domestic rights.
- International organizations: Report on freedom of expression and migrant labour conditions.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- State Audit Institution: Oversees public sector transparency.
- Public Authority for Anti-Corruption: Works on public integrity and ethics.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No active terrorist groups; security threats remain low.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low levels; includes theft and traffic violations.
- Cybercrime: Increasing focus on data security and cyber regulation.
- Drug Offenses: Strict enforcement with preventive education campaigns.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored; migrant worker protections under review.
Oman remains a stable and moderate country in a volatile region. Focusing on economic diversification, diplomatic neutrality, and social cohesion, it plays a constructive role in regional and global affairs.
PAKISTAN
Country Report: Pakistan
Summary Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a South Asian country strategically located at the crossroads of Central Asia, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. It shares borders with India, Afghanistan, Iran, and China and has a coastline along the Arabian Sea. With an area of approximately 881,913 square kilometres, Pakistan is the world's fifth most populous country. It is a federal parliamentary republic with a diverse geography, nuclear capability, and a complex socio-political landscape.
History Created in 1947 as a homeland for Muslims following the partition of British India, Pakistan has experienced multiple military coups, periods of civilian rule, and regional conflicts—especially with India over Kashmir. It became a republic in 1956 and has faced ongoing challenges, including sectarian violence, terrorism, economic volatility, and governance reforms. Pakistan remains a critical regional player in South Asia and the Muslim world.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Pakistan continues to navigate a complex geopolitical environment, balancing internal reform with external diplomacy. With a youthful population, strategic geography, and a growing technology sector, it holds significant regional influence.
Summary Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a South Asian country strategically located at the crossroads of Central Asia, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. It shares borders with India, Afghanistan, Iran, and China and has a coastline along the Arabian Sea. With an area of approximately 881,913 square kilometres, Pakistan is the world's fifth most populous country. It is a federal parliamentary republic with a diverse geography, nuclear capability, and a complex socio-political landscape.
History Created in 1947 as a homeland for Muslims following the partition of British India, Pakistan has experienced multiple military coups, periods of civilian rule, and regional conflicts—especially with India over Kashmir. It became a republic in 1956 and has faced ongoing challenges, including sectarian violence, terrorism, economic volatility, and governance reforms. Pakistan remains a critical regional player in South Asia and the Muslim world.
Geography
- Location: South Asia; borders India, Afghanistan, Iran, China, and the Arabian Sea.
- Total Area: Approximately 881,913 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Himalayas, Hindu Kush, Indus River Plain, Balochistan Plateau, Thar Desert.
- Climate: Arid to semi-arid; temperate in the north.
- Natural Resources: Natural gas, coal, salt, copper, gold, arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Indus River, Jhelum, Chenab, Tarbela Dam, Manchar Lake.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 240 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun, Baloch, Muhajir, others.
- Languages:
- Official: Urdu.
- Other Widely Spoken: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, English.
- Religion:
- Islam: State religion; majority Sunni with Shia minority.
- Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism: Practiced by minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Islamabad: Capital.
- Karachi: Largest city and economic hub.
- Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar: Major urban centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Includes snow leopards, Markhor, and Indus River dolphins.
- Environmental Challenges: Air and water pollution, deforestation, climate change.
- Conservation Efforts: Protected areas such as Khunjerab National Park Billion Tree Tsunami project.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Pakistan Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force); nuclear-armed.
- International Partnerships: Strategic ties with China, defence cooperation with the U.S., participation in UN peacekeeping.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Founding member.
- China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Key infrastructure partnership under China's Belt and Road Initiative.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1947.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
- Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Full member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Energy Agency (IEA) (Associate): Collaborates on policy and energy reforms.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports solar and wind expansion.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Bank, IMF, UNESCO, WHO: Active development engagement.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Sufi music, truck art, calligraphy, embroidery.
- Cultural Festivals: Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Basant, Pakistan Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Edhi Foundation: Humanitarian and emergency services.
- Agha Khan Development Network (AKDN): Health, education, culture, and rural development.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP): Monitors rights violations.
- Aurat Foundation: Advocates for gender equality and women’s rights.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- National Accountability Bureau (NAB): Anti-corruption body.
- Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP): Oversees electoral integrity.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP): Active in tribal areas and urban attacks.
- Baloch Separatist Groups: Insurgent movements in Balochistan.
- ISIS-K and Al-Qaeda: Operate intermittently.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban areas.
- Terrorism: Significant history; improved due to counterterrorism efforts.
- Cybercrime: Rising incidents of online fraud and hacking.
- Human Trafficking: Includes bonded labour and forced migration.
Pakistan continues to navigate a complex geopolitical environment, balancing internal reform with external diplomacy. With a youthful population, strategic geography, and a growing technology sector, it holds significant regional influence.
PALESTINE
Country Report: Palestine
Summary Palestine refers to the geographic and political entity comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip, territories occupied by Israel since 1967. The State of Palestine was declared in 1988, is recognized by over 130 countries, and has observer status at the United Nations. Covering approximately 6,220 square kilometres, Palestine’s political, social, and economic systems are heavily influenced by the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Palestinian Authority (PA) administers parts of the West Bank, while Hamas controls the Gaza Strip.
History Palestinian history traces back millennia, with cultural and religious significance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The 20th century saw the end of Ottoman rule, the British Mandate, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the creation of Israel, leading to mass displacement of Palestinians (Nakba). Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza. Peace initiatives, including the Oslo Accords (1990s), have failed to yield a permanent solution. Tensions persist due to settlements, Jerusalem's status, refugees, and political divisions.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Palestine remains at the centre of one of the world’s most enduring conflicts. Despite fragmented governance and limited sovereignty, it continues to engage in diplomacy and development amid complex geopolitical challenges.
Summary Palestine refers to the geographic and political entity comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip, territories occupied by Israel since 1967. The State of Palestine was declared in 1988, is recognized by over 130 countries, and has observer status at the United Nations. Covering approximately 6,220 square kilometres, Palestine’s political, social, and economic systems are heavily influenced by the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Palestinian Authority (PA) administers parts of the West Bank, while Hamas controls the Gaza Strip.
History Palestinian history traces back millennia, with cultural and religious significance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The 20th century saw the end of Ottoman rule, the British Mandate, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the creation of Israel, leading to mass displacement of Palestinians (Nakba). Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza. Peace initiatives, including the Oslo Accords (1990s), have failed to yield a permanent solution. Tensions persist due to settlements, Jerusalem's status, refugees, and political divisions.
Geography
- Location: Middle East, bordered by Israel and Jordan (West Bank); Israel and Egypt (Gaza Strip).
- Total Area: Approximately 6,220 square kilometres (West Bank ~5,655 km²; Gaza Strip ~365 km²).
- Major Landforms: Jordan Valley, Judean Hills, coastal plain (Gaza).
- Climate: Mediterranean in the west; arid in the east and south.
- Natural Resources: Limited: arable land, stone, natural gas offshore (Gaza).
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Jordan River (border); no significant lakes.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 5.3 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Palestinian Arab (majority).
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Other Languages: Hebrew, English.
- Religion:
- Islam: Majority Sunni Muslim.
- Christianity: Minority, mostly Greek Orthodox.
- Major Cities:
- Ramallah: Administrative capital of the PA.
- East Jerusalem: Claimed capital.
- Gaza City, Hebron, Nablus, Bethlehem: Major urban centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Includes Mediterranean flora and fauna.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, land degradation, limited waste management.
- Conservation Efforts: NGOs and PA programs for sustainable agriculture and water use.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: No formal military; security forces operate under the PA in the West Bank; Hamas has armed factions in Gaza.
- International Partnerships: Limited; security coordination with Israel and international donors (EU, U.S.).
Economic Organizations
- Arab Monetary Fund (AMF): Participates in regional coordination.
- Islamic Development Bank (IsDB): Provides financial assistance.
- World Bank and IMF: Active in development aid and economic planning.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Non-member observer state since 2012.
- Arab League: Full member.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- UNDP and international donors: Support solar, water, and fuel projects.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNRWA: Supports Palestinian refugees.
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO: Active in development and humanitarian aid.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Embroidery (tatreez), Dabke dance, Arabic calligraphy.
- Cultural Festivals: Palestine International Festival, Olive Harvest Festival, Christmas in Bethlehem.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Taawon (Welfare Association): Supports education, culture, and health.
- Palestinian Red Crescent Society (PRCS): Humanitarian and health services.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Al-Haq, Addameer, Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR): Document violations and promote legal rights.
- International monitoring by Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Palestinian Anti-Corruption Commission (PACC): Oversight of public sector integrity.
- State Audit and Administrative Control Bureau: Ensures transparency.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Hamas: Governs Gaza; designated a terrorist group by the U.S., EU, and others.
- Islamic Jihad: Operates in Gaza.
- Other armed groups include Fatah-linked militias and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Present in urban areas; includes theft and vandalism.
- Political Violence: Clashes with Israeli forces, internal factional conflict.
- Cybercrime: Emerging concern.
- Human Trafficking: Limited but underreported; linked to socio-economic hardship.
Palestine remains at the centre of one of the world’s most enduring conflicts. Despite fragmented governance and limited sovereignty, it continues to engage in diplomacy and development amid complex geopolitical challenges.
PHILIPPINES
Country Report: Philippines
Summary The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia composed of over 7,600 islands located between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea. Covering approximately 300,000 square kilometres, the government has a population exceeding 110 million, making it the 13th most populous nation globally. It is a democratic republic with a presidential system and a mixed economy driven by services, remittances, agriculture, and manufacturing.
History The Philippines has a rich history shaped by Austronesian heritage, Spanish colonization (1521–1898), American rule (1898–1946), and Japanese occupation during World War II. It became an independent republic in 1946. Since then, it has undergone periods of martial law, democratic restoration, and economic reform. The 1986 People Power Revolution ended Ferdinand Marcos' dictatorship, and the country has since maintained democratic institutions, though political and social challenges remain.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
The Philippines is a vibrant, rapidly developing democracy with a strategic location and a resilient, youthful population. It faces continuing challenges in governance, disaster preparedness, and conflict resolution while actively pursuing regional integration and global cooperation.
Summary The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia composed of over 7,600 islands located between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea. Covering approximately 300,000 square kilometres, the government has a population exceeding 110 million, making it the 13th most populous nation globally. It is a democratic republic with a presidential system and a mixed economy driven by services, remittances, agriculture, and manufacturing.
History The Philippines has a rich history shaped by Austronesian heritage, Spanish colonization (1521–1898), American rule (1898–1946), and Japanese occupation during World War II. It became an independent republic in 1946. Since then, it has undergone periods of martial law, democratic restoration, and economic reform. The 1986 People Power Revolution ended Ferdinand Marcos' dictatorship, and the country has since maintained democratic institutions, though political and social challenges remain.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia, in the western Pacific Ocean.
- Total Area: Approximately 300,000 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao islands; Cordillera Mountains, Sierra Madre, and Mount Apo.
- Climate: Tropical maritime; hot, humid, and subject to typhoons.
- Natural Resources: Timber, petroleum, nickel, copper, gold, chromite, hydropower.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Cagayan River, Agusan River, Laguna de Bay, Lake Lanao.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 113 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Bisaya/Binisaya, Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, Bicolano, Waray, others.
- Languages:
- Official: Filipino and English.
- Regional Languages: Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Bicolano, and more.
- Religion:
- Roman Catholicism: Majority.
- Islam: Predominant in Bangsamoro Autonomous Region.
- Protestantism, Iglesia ni Cristo, Buddhism: Minority faiths.
- Major Cities:
- Manila: Capital.
- Quezon City: Most populous city.
- Cebu, Davao, Makati: Key economic and urban centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: High; includes Philippine eagle, tamaraw, tarsier, and coral reefs.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, flooding, air and water pollution, typhoon damage.
- Conservation Efforts: National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS), marine sanctuaries.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Armed Forces of the Philippines (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps).
- International Partnerships: Mutual Defense Treaty with the U.S., active in ASEAN and UN peacekeeping.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Founding member.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Member.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB): Headquarters in Manila.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1945.
- ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC): Active engagement.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Promotes geothermal and solar energy development.
- Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM): Participates in sustainable energy initiatives.
Specialized International Organizations
- WHO, UNESCO, FAO, ILO: Active development and humanitarian cooperation.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Tinikling dance, kulintang music, weaving, woodcarving.
- Cultural Festivals: Sinulog, Pahiyas, Kadayawan, Panagbenga, Moriones.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Gawad Kalinga: Focuses on poverty alleviation and housing.
- ABS-CBN Foundation: Education, environment, and disaster relief.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Karapatan: Documents rights violations.
- Task Force Detainees of the Philippines: Legal advocacy.
- International monitoring by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Office of the Ombudsman: Investigates public sector misconduct.
- Commission on Audit (COA): Ensures financial accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF): Operate in Mindanao.
- New People’s Army (NPA): Communist insurgency with rural strongholds.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban areas; includes theft and scams.
- Drug Offenses: Significant; the government has pursued a controversial anti-drug campaign.
- Cybercrime: Increasing; includes online fraud and data breaches.
- Human Trafficking: Includes domestic servitude and sexual exploitation.
The Philippines is a vibrant, rapidly developing democracy with a strategic location and a resilient, youthful population. It faces continuing challenges in governance, disaster preparedness, and conflict resolution while actively pursuing regional integration and global cooperation.
QATAR
Country Report: Qatar
Summary Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a sovereign Arab emirate on a small peninsula along the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and surrounded by the Persian Gulf, Qatar has a strategic position in the Gulf region. With an area of approximately 11,586 square kilometres, it is one of the world’s wealthiest countries per capita due to its vast natural gas and oil reserves. It is an absolute monarchy led by the Al Thani family and plays a prominent role in regional diplomacy and global energy markets.
Historically inhabited by Bedouin tribes and part of various empires, Qatar became a British protectorate in the 19th century. It gained independence in 1971 and has since been ruled by the Al Thani family. Modern Qatar has transformed rapidly due to energy wealth and has pursued ambitious infrastructure, education, and development projects. It hosted the FIFA World Cup in 2022, elevating its global profile.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Qatar continues to expand its global influence through energy exports, investment, and diplomacy. Its wealth, infrastructure, and soft power initiatives position it as a leading voice in regional and international affairs while it balances modernization with traditional values.
Summary Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a sovereign Arab emirate on a small peninsula along the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and surrounded by the Persian Gulf, Qatar has a strategic position in the Gulf region. With an area of approximately 11,586 square kilometres, it is one of the world’s wealthiest countries per capita due to its vast natural gas and oil reserves. It is an absolute monarchy led by the Al Thani family and plays a prominent role in regional diplomacy and global energy markets.
Historically inhabited by Bedouin tribes and part of various empires, Qatar became a British protectorate in the 19th century. It gained independence in 1971 and has since been ruled by the Al Thani family. Modern Qatar has transformed rapidly due to energy wealth and has pursued ambitious infrastructure, education, and development projects. It hosted the FIFA World Cup in 2022, elevating its global profile.
Geography
- Location: Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia.
- Total Area: Approximately 11,586 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Desert plains, sabkhas (salt flats), coastal areas.
- Climate: Arid desert; extremely hot summers and mild winters.
- Natural Resources: Natural gas, petroleum, fish.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: None; relies on desalination for water.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 2.7 million (2022 estimate), with a majority of expatriate workers.
- Ethnic Groups: Qatari (11–12%), South Asian, Southeast Asian, Arab, African, and Western expatriates.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Widely Spoken: English.
- Religion:
- Islam: Official religion (predominantly Sunni Muslim).
- Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism: Practiced by expatriates.
- Major Cities:
- Doha: Capital and largest city; political, economic, and cultural centre.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Limited desert and marine ecosystems.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, carbon emissions, marine degradation.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks, mangrove restoration, green building initiatives.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Qatari Armed Forces, including Army, Navy, and Air Force.
- International Partnerships: Hosts U.S. Central Command base; defence cooperation with Turkey, NATO dialogue.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Former member (left in 2019).
- Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF): Founding member.
- Arab Monetary Fund, IMF, World Bank: Financial partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1971.
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Founding member.
- Arab League, Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF): Active leadership.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports solar energy development.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO: Active in education, health, and sustainable development.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Arabic calligraphy, falconry, weaving.
- Cultural Festivals: Qatar National Day, Doha Film Institute events, Ramadan celebrations.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Qatar Foundation: Promotes education, science, and community development.
- Qatar Charity: Humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- National Human Rights Committee (NHRC): State-affiliated body.
- International scrutiny: Focus on labour rights, especially of migrant workers.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Administrative Control and Transparency Authority: Oversees public sector ethics.
- State Audit Bureau: Audits financial practices.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: There are no major domestic threats. Some countries have accused Qatar of harbouring extremist elements, but Qatar has taken steps to address concerns.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low; includes occasional theft and traffic violations.
- Cybercrime: Internet usage is increasing, including fraud and hacking.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored; reforms were made in the labour sponsorship (kafala) system.
- Drug Offenses: Strict penalties enforced.
Qatar continues to expand its global influence through energy exports, investment, and diplomacy. Its wealth, infrastructure, and soft power initiatives position it as a leading voice in regional and international affairs while it balances modernization with traditional values.
SAUDI ARABIA
Country Report: Saudi Arabia
Summary Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is the largest country in the Middle East, located on the Arabian Peninsula. Bordered by Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen, it has coastlines along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Covering approximately 2.15 million square kilometres, it is a leading oil producer and exporter. Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy and custodian of Islam’s two holiest sites, Mecca and Medina, giving it significant religious influence in the Muslim world.
History Founded in 1932 by Abdulaziz Ibn Saud, Saudi Arabia unified disparate tribal regions into a centralized kingdom. Since then, it has grown into a significant global energy power, mainly due to its oil wealth. The 21st century has seen efforts to modernize and diversify the economy under the Vision 2030 initiative launched by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The kingdom has also undertaken social reforms while maintaining a strict interpretation of Islamic law.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Saudi Arabia remains a pivotal player in global energy markets and regional politics. Its transformation under Vision 2030 seeks to diversify the economy and modernize society while balancing traditional values and governance structures.
Summary Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is the largest country in the Middle East, located on the Arabian Peninsula. Bordered by Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen, it has coastlines along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Covering approximately 2.15 million square kilometres, it is a leading oil producer and exporter. Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy and custodian of Islam’s two holiest sites, Mecca and Medina, giving it significant religious influence in the Muslim world.
History Founded in 1932 by Abdulaziz Ibn Saud, Saudi Arabia unified disparate tribal regions into a centralized kingdom. Since then, it has grown into a significant global energy power, mainly due to its oil wealth. The 21st century has seen efforts to modernize and diversify the economy under the Vision 2030 initiative launched by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The kingdom has also undertaken social reforms while maintaining a strict interpretation of Islamic law.
Geography
- Location: Arabian Peninsula, bordered by eight countries and two significant seas.
- Total Area: Approximately 2,149,690 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter), Najd Plateau, Asir Mountains.
- Climate: Desert climate: extremely hot summers and mild winters.
- Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, gold, copper, iron ore, phosphates.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: No permanent rivers; wadis and underground aquifers provide water.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 35.8 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Arab (majority), Afro-Asian, and South Asian migrant workers.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Other Languages: English (widely used in business).
- Religion:
- Islam: Official religion; predominantly Sunni Muslim, with a Shia minority.
- Major Cities:
- Riyadh: Capital and largest city.
- Jeddah: Red Sea port and economic hub.
- Mecca and Medina: Religious centres.
- Dammam: Major oil city in the Eastern Province.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Desert-adapted species, coral reefs in the Red Sea.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, air pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: Vision 2030 includes initiatives on sustainability and reforestation.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Saudi Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Strategic Missile Force).
- International Partnerships: Defense cooperation with the U.S., UK, and France; Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Founding member.
- G20: Member and host of the 2020 summit.
- IMF, World Bank: Economic and development partnerships.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1945.
- Arab League, Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Founding member.
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Founding member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- OPEC: Key global oil exporter.
- Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF): Member.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Active in solar and hydrogen energy initiatives.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO, ILO: Participates in global development and heritage initiatives.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Arabic calligraphy, poetry (Nabati), music, falconry.
- Cultural Festivals: Janadriyah Festival, Riyadh Season, National Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Center: Provides global humanitarian aid.
- MiSK Foundation: Promotes youth development and education.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Saudi Human Rights Commission: State-affiliated body.
- International criticism: Focus on freedom of expression, women’s rights, and transparency in the legal system.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Control and Anti-Corruption Authority (Nazaha): Investigates financial misconduct.
- General Auditing Bureau: Monitors government spending.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP): Regional threat.
- ISIS: Formerly active; now weakened.
- Domestic Security: High alert with extensive counterterrorism infrastructure.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low; theft and fraud are occasionally reported.
- Cybercrime: Increasing; includes hacking and online fraud.
- Drug Offenses: Harsh penalties, including capital punishment.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored; reforms underway in labour sponsorship (kafala) system.
Saudi Arabia remains a pivotal player in global energy markets and regional politics. Its transformation under Vision 2030 seeks to diversify the economy and modernize society while balancing traditional values and governance structures.
SINGAPORE
Country Report: Singapore
Summary Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island city-state in Southeast Asia. Located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, it consists of the main island and over 60 smaller islets. Despite its small size—approximately 728 square kilometres—Singapore is a global financial hub known for its robust economy, political stability, and efficient governance. The country operates as a parliamentary republic and emphasizes meritocracy, multiculturalism, and economic openness.
History Founded as a British trading post in 1819, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements and was later occupied by Japan during World War II. It gained self-governance in 1959 and briefly merged with Malaysia in 1963 before becoming fully independent in 1965. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore transformed from a developing port into a first-world economy within a generation. Today, it maintains strong trade, defence, and diplomatic ties globally.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Singapore continues to be a model for urban development, economic efficiency, and regional diplomacy. Its strategic location, strong institutions, and innovation-driven policies make it a key player in global and Asian affairs.
Summary Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island city-state in Southeast Asia. Located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, it consists of the main island and over 60 smaller islets. Despite its small size—approximately 728 square kilometres—Singapore is a global financial hub known for its robust economy, political stability, and efficient governance. The country operates as a parliamentary republic and emphasizes meritocracy, multiculturalism, and economic openness.
History Founded as a British trading post in 1819, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements and was later occupied by Japan during World War II. It gained self-governance in 1959 and briefly merged with Malaysia in 1963 before becoming fully independent in 1965. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore transformed from a developing port into a first-world economy within a generation. Today, it maintains strong trade, defence, and diplomatic ties globally.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia, off the southern coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
- Total Area: Approximately 728 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Low-lying terrain, reclaimed land, Bukit Timah Hill (highest point).
- Climate: Tropical rainforest; hot, humid, and rainy year-round.
- Natural Resources: Limited; heavily reliant on imports.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: No major rivers; man-made reservoirs like MacRitchie and Marina.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 5.9 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Chinese (majority), Malay, Indian, Eurasian, others.
- Languages:
- Official: English, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil.
- National Language: Malay.
- Religion:
- Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Taoism, Hinduism: Practiced with freedom of religion.
- Major Cities:
- Singapore City: The entire nation is governed as a single city-state.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rainforests, mangroves, coral reefs; home to otters, macaques, and hornbills.
- Environmental Challenges: Urbanization, climate change, limited natural space.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks, Gardens by the Bay, green building policies.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Singapore Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force).
- International Partnerships: Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA), strong ties with the U.S., and ASEAN cooperation.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Active member.
- ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Participant.
- IMF, World Bank, Asian Development Bank: Key partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1965.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Founding member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Energy Agency (IEA) (Association country): Participates in energy data and policy.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Promotes solar and clean energy initiatives.
Specialized International Organizations
- World Bank, WHO, UNESCO, ILO: Full participation in global development and governance bodies.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Chinese opera, Indian classical dance, Malay batik, Peranakan culture.
- Cultural Festivals: Chinese New Year, Hari Raya Puasa, Deepavali, Vesak Day, National Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Temasek Foundation: Community development and education.
- Community Chest, National Volunteer & Philanthropy Centre (NVPC): Supports social services and giving.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Maruah (local civil society group): Promotes human rights awareness.
- International oversight: Focus on civil liberties and freedom of expression.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB): Independent anti-corruption agency.
- Auditor-General’s Office: Monitors government accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No active domestic threats; vigilance maintained.
- Past Threats: Jemaah Islamiyah was dismantled in the early 2000s.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Very low due to strict laws and enforcement.
- Cybercrime: Growing concern; addressed through national cybersecurity strategy.
- Drug Offenses: Zero-tolerance policy with severe penalties.
- Human Trafficking: Actively monitored and prosecuted.
Singapore continues to be a model for urban development, economic efficiency, and regional diplomacy. Its strategic location, strong institutions, and innovation-driven policies make it a key player in global and Asian affairs.
SOUTH KOREA
Country Report: South Korea
Summary South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a highly developed East Asian country occupying the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. It shares a heavily militarized border with North Korea and is surrounded by the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Covering approximately 100,210 square kilometres, South Korea is a democratic republic known for its robust economy, advanced technology, cultural exports, and strategic importance in global geopolitics.
History The Korean Peninsula has been inhabited for thousands of years and was unified during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897). Korea was divided after World War II after Japanese colonization (1910–1945). The Korean War (1950–1953) resulted in a ceasefire and division along the 38th parallel. South Korea underwent rapid industrialization and democratization, evolving into one of the world’s leading economies and a key U.S. ally in Asia.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
South Korea is a significant global economic and cultural power with a strong technological base, strategic alliances, and vibrant democracy. It continues to navigate regional security tensions while promoting innovation, sustainability, and international cooperation.
Summary South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a highly developed East Asian country occupying the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. It shares a heavily militarized border with North Korea and is surrounded by the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Covering approximately 100,210 square kilometres, South Korea is a democratic republic known for its robust economy, advanced technology, cultural exports, and strategic importance in global geopolitics.
History The Korean Peninsula has been inhabited for thousands of years and was unified during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897). Korea was divided after World War II after Japanese colonization (1910–1945). The Korean War (1950–1953) resulted in a ceasefire and division along the 38th parallel. South Korea underwent rapid industrialization and democratization, evolving into one of the world’s leading economies and a key U.S. ally in Asia.
Geography
- Location: East Asia, the southern half of the Korean Peninsula.
- Total Area: Approximately 100,210 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Taebaek Mountains, coastal plains, Jeju Island.
- Climate: Temperate with four distinct seasons.
- Natural Resources: Tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, hydropower.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Han River, Nakdong River, Geum River, Soyang Lake.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 52 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Korean (homogeneous); small Chinese and immigrant communities.
- Languages:
- Official: Korean.
- Other Languages: English is widely taught.
- Religion:
- Buddhism, Christianity: Largest religions.
- No Affiliation: A significant portion of the population.
- Major Cities:
- Seoul: Capital and largest city.
- Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju: Major urban centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Forests, wetlands, and wildlife such as cranes and bears.
- Environmental Challenges: Air pollution, industrial emissions, climate change impacts.
- Conservation Efforts: Green growth policies, national parks, reforestation.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Republic of Korea Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps).
- International Partnerships: Mutual Defense Treaty with the U.S.; close cooperation with NATO and the UN.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- OECD, G20, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Active member.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB), IMF, World Bank: Development and financial cooperation.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1991.
- ASEAN+3, East Asia Summit: Regional dialogues.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Energy Agency (IEA): Member.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Promotes clean energy.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, ILO, FAO: Active participation in global initiatives.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Korean dance, calligraphy, music (gugak), hanbok.
- Cultural Festivals: Chuseok (Harvest Festival), Seollal (Lunar New Year), Boryeong Mud Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Community Chest of Korea: National charity supporting welfare.
- Beautiful Foundation, Korea Foundation for Women: Civil society and empowerment.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK): Monitors and promotes rights.
- Amnesty International Korea, Korean House for International Solidarity: Rights advocacy.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (ACRC): Investigates misconduct.
- Board of Audit and Inspection (BAI): Government financial oversight.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No known active domestic terrorist groups.
- Security Focus: Defense against North Korean threats and cyberattacks.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low overall; includes theft and fraud.
- Cybercrime: Increasing; includes hacking, scams, and online harassment.
- Drug Offenses: Strict laws and low usage.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored; includes exploitation of migrants.
South Korea is a significant global economic and cultural power with a strong technological base, strategic alliances, and vibrant democracy. It continues to navigate regional security tensions while promoting innovation, sustainability, and international cooperation.
SRI LANKA
Country Report: Sri Lanka
Summary Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island nation located in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India. It covers approximately 65,610 square kilometres and is known for its diverse landscapes, ancient cultural heritage, and strategic location along major maritime trade routes. Sri Lanka is a democratic republic and has experienced significant political and economic shifts, including a civil war (1983–2009), post-war development, and recent financial challenges.
History Sri Lanka has a recorded history dating back over 2,500 years. Various indigenous kingdoms ruled it before becoming a Portuguese, Dutch, and British colony. The country gained independence from the UK in 1948. Ethnic tensions between the Sinhalese majority and the Tamil minority escalated into a civil war that lasted nearly three decades, ending in 2009. Sri Lanka has recently pursued reconciliation, development, and constitutional reforms, though political instability and economic crises have posed significant challenges.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Sri Lanka continues its path of post-conflict recovery and economic reform while managing ethnic diversity, governance challenges, and climate vulnerability. Its strategic location and vibrant culture enhance its significance in South Asia and the broader Indian Ocean region.
Summary Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island nation located in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India. It covers approximately 65,610 square kilometres and is known for its diverse landscapes, ancient cultural heritage, and strategic location along major maritime trade routes. Sri Lanka is a democratic republic and has experienced significant political and economic shifts, including a civil war (1983–2009), post-war development, and recent financial challenges.
History Sri Lanka has a recorded history dating back over 2,500 years. Various indigenous kingdoms ruled it before becoming a Portuguese, Dutch, and British colony. The country gained independence from the UK in 1948. Ethnic tensions between the Sinhalese majority and the Tamil minority escalated into a civil war that lasted nearly three decades, ending in 2009. Sri Lanka has recently pursued reconciliation, development, and constitutional reforms, though political instability and economic crises have posed significant challenges.
Geography
- Location: South Asia, an island in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India.
- Total Area: Approximately 65,610 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Central Highlands, coastal plains, Adam's Peak, Knuckles Range.
- Climate: Tropical monsoon; distinct wet and dry seasons.
- Natural Resources: Limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, hydropower.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Mahaweli River, Kelani River, Kandy Lake, Parakrama Samudra.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 22 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Sinhalese (majority), Sri Lankan Tamils, Indian Tamils, Moors, and others.
- Languages:
- Official: Sinhala and Tamil.
- Link Language: English.
- Religion:
- Buddhism: Majority religion (primarily Theravada).
- Hinduism, Islam, Christianity: Practiced by minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Colombo: Commercial capital.
- Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte: Administrative capital.
- Kandy, Galle, Jaffna, Trincomalee: Key regional cities.
Environment
- Biodiversity: High; includes elephants, leopards, endemic flora and fauna.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, water pollution, soil erosion, climate change impacts.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks (Yala, Wilpattu), biodiversity hotspots, and reforestation projects.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Sri Lanka Army, Navy, Air Force, and Police.
- International Partnerships: Security cooperation with India, China, and the U.S.; participation in UN peacekeeping.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Founding member.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB): Economic partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1955.
- Commonwealth of Nations: Member.
- BIMSTEC, Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA): Regional cooperation.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Supports renewable energy transition.
- SAARC Energy Centre: Regional energy dialogue.
Specialized International Organizations
- WHO, UNESCO, FAO, ILO: Active in health, education, food security, and labour programs.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Kandyan dance, batik, mask carving, temple art.
- Cultural Festivals: Vesak, Sinhala and Tamil New Year, Deepavali, Eid, Christmas.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement: Community development.
- Foundation of Goodness: Education, sports, health, and disaster relief.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA): Legal and rights research.
- National Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka: Government-affiliated body.
- International organizations: Monitor post-war reconciliation and accountability.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery or Corruption (CIABOC): Anti-corruption agency.
- Auditor General's Department: Oversees public finance.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Post-war Status: LTTE was defeated in 2009.
- Current Status: No major insurgencies; occasional extremist threats (e.g., 2019 Easter bombings).
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Includes theft scams, especially in tourist areas.
- Drug Offenses: Increasing domestic usage; trafficking monitored.
- Cybercrime: Rising with digital expansion.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored; includes forced labour and exploitation.
Sri Lanka continues its path of post-conflict recovery and economic reform while managing ethnic diversity, governance challenges, and climate vulnerability. Its strategic location and vibrant culture enhance its significance in South Asia and the broader Indian Ocean region.
SYRIA
Country Report: Syria
Summary Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in Western Asia located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon. Covering approximately 185,180 square kilometres, Syria has a diverse landscape and a rich cultural and historical legacy. Since 2011, the country has been embroiled in a devastating civil war, resulting in massive displacement, infrastructure destruction, and ongoing humanitarian crises.
History Syria has been a centre of ancient civilizations, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Arameans, Greeks, and Romans. It became part of the Ottoman Empire and later a French mandate after World War I. Syria gained independence in 1946. The ruling Ba'ath Party came to power in 1963, and President Bashar al-Assad succeeded his father, Hafez al-Assad, in 2000. In 2011, peaceful protests escalated into a civil war involving various domestic factions and foreign powers. The conflict has fractured the country and led to over 500,000 deaths and millions of refugees.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Syria remains fragmented and deeply affected by over a decade of conflict. While some government-controlled areas stabilize, humanitarian needs persist, and ongoing insecurity, sanctions, and political paralysis limit reconstruction efforts.
Summary Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in Western Asia located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon. Covering approximately 185,180 square kilometres, Syria has a diverse landscape and a rich cultural and historical legacy. Since 2011, the country has been embroiled in a devastating civil war, resulting in massive displacement, infrastructure destruction, and ongoing humanitarian crises.
History Syria has been a centre of ancient civilizations, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Arameans, Greeks, and Romans. It became part of the Ottoman Empire and later a French mandate after World War I. Syria gained independence in 1946. The ruling Ba'ath Party came to power in 1963, and President Bashar al-Assad succeeded his father, Hafez al-Assad, in 2000. In 2011, peaceful protests escalated into a civil war involving various domestic factions and foreign powers. The conflict has fractured the country and led to over 500,000 deaths and millions of refugees.
Geography
- Location: Western Asia, bordered by Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon.
- Total Area: Approximately 185,180 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Syrian Desert, Anti-Lebanon Mountains, Euphrates River valley.
- Climate: Mostly arid and semi-arid; Mediterranean along the coast.
- Natural Resources: Petroleum, phosphates, chrome, manganese, asphalt, marble.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Euphrates, Orontes, Barada; Lake Assad (reservoir).
People and Society
- Population: Estimated at 22 million (2022), down from pre-war levels due to displacement.
- Ethnic Groups: Arab (majority), Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, Turkmen, Circassians.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Other Languages: Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian.
- Religion:
- Islam: Majority Sunni; Alawite, Shia, and Ismaili minorities.
- Christianity: Greek Orthodox, Syriac, Maronite, and others.
- Druze and Yazidis: Small minorities.
- Major Cities:
- Damascus: Capital and historic centre.
- Aleppo, Homs, Latakia, Hama, Deir ez-Zor: Key urban centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Includes Mediterranean forests, desert species, and migratory birds.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, pollution, and war-related degradation.
- Conservation Efforts: Severely impacted by conflict; limited initiatives remain.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Syrian Arab Army, Navy, Air Force; National Defense Forces (paramilitary).
- International Partnerships: Russia and Iran are principal allies, and there is a military presence from the U.S. and Turkey in contested regions.
Economic Organizations
- Arab Monetary Fund (AMF): Member.
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Observer): Previously active.
- Limited global engagement due to sanctions and conflict.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Founding member; seat remains recognized.
- Arab League: Membership was suspended in 2011; observer participation resumed.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Minimal participation due to conflict and sanctions.
- Reconstruction plans include energy infrastructure restoration.
Specialized International Organizations
- WHO, FAO, UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP: Provide humanitarian support.
- Limited engagement with international financial institutions.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Arabic music, mosaics, inlaid woodwork, calligraphy.
- Cultural Festivals are now limited due to conflict; historically, they have included the Damascus International Fair and religious holidays.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Syrian Arab Red Crescent (SARC): Humanitarian relief.
- International NGOs: Operate under limited and dangerous conditions.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression, Syrian Network for Human Rights: Document violations.
- International groups: Report extensive abuses, including torture, arbitrary detention, and chemical weapons use.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Ministry of Administrative Development: Oversight of governance reforms.
- International criticism of corruption and lack of accountability.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Islamic State (ISIS): Still active in eastern desert areas.
- Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS): Dominant in Idlib province.
- Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF): U.S.-backed Kurdish-led forces in the northeast.
- Multiple rebel groups and militias across contested zones.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: High in conflict zones; looting and smuggling common.
- Organized Crime: Flourishing amid war economy.
- Drug Trade: Captagon production and trafficking.
- Human Trafficking: Severe issues, including displacement and child recruitment.
Syria remains fragmented and deeply affected by over a decade of conflict. While some government-controlled areas stabilize, humanitarian needs persist, and ongoing insecurity, sanctions, and political paralysis limit reconstruction efforts.
TAIWAN
Country Report: Taiwan
Summary Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is an island located off the southeastern coast of China, with a total area of approximately 36,193 square kilometres. Though Taiwan functions as a sovereign state with its government, economy, and democratic political system, it is claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), which considers it a breakaway province. Taiwan is a global leader in technology and manufacturing, particularly in semiconductors.
Historically, Taiwan was inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years before being colonized by the Dutch and later controlled by the Qing Dynasty. Taiwan was returned to Chinese control after the Japanese occupation (1895–1945). Following the Chinese Civil War, the Nationalist government (Kuomintang) retreated to Taiwan in 1949, establishing the ROC while the PRC was founded on the mainland. Taiwan underwent rapid industrialization and democratization in the late 20th century. Today, it maintains de facto independence despite diplomatic isolation.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Taiwan is a vibrant democracy with a high-tech economy and progressive social policies. Despite diplomatic challenges, it is critical in regional security, global supply chains, and innovation leadership.
Summary Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is an island located off the southeastern coast of China, with a total area of approximately 36,193 square kilometres. Though Taiwan functions as a sovereign state with its government, economy, and democratic political system, it is claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), which considers it a breakaway province. Taiwan is a global leader in technology and manufacturing, particularly in semiconductors.
Historically, Taiwan was inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years before being colonized by the Dutch and later controlled by the Qing Dynasty. Taiwan was returned to Chinese control after the Japanese occupation (1895–1945). Following the Chinese Civil War, the Nationalist government (Kuomintang) retreated to Taiwan in 1949, establishing the ROC while the PRC was founded on the mainland. Taiwan underwent rapid industrialization and democratization in the late 20th century. Today, it maintains de facto independence despite diplomatic isolation.
Geography
- Location: East Asia, off the southeastern coast of China, north of the Philippines.
- Total Area: Approximately 36,193 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Central Mountain Range, western coastal plains, volcanic islands.
- Climate: Tropical and subtropical; typhoon-prone.
- Natural Resources: Limestone, marble, asbestos, natural gas, arable land.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Zhuoshui River, Gaoping River, Sun Moon Lake.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 23.5 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Han Chinese (including Hoklo and Hakka), Indigenous Austronesian groups (~2%).
- Languages:
- Official: Mandarin Chinese.
- Other Languages: Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka, indigenous languages, English (widely taught).
- Religion:
- Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Indigenous beliefs: Practiced freely.
- Major Cities:
- Taipei: Capital and largest city.
- Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan, Hsinchu: Economic and industrial hubs.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich in endemic flora and fauna; mountainous and forested.
- Environmental Challenges: Air and water pollution, natural disasters (earthquakes, typhoons).
- Conservation Efforts: National parks, forest reserves, sustainable energy projects.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Republic of China Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force).
- International Partnerships: Unofficial security ties with the United States; defence preparedness focused on potential conflict with China.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu".
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Participates under "Chinese Taipei".
- Asian Development Bank (ADB): Member under the same designation.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Not a member since 1971; limited participation in UN agencies.
- International engagement through unofficial and NGO channels.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Cooperates informally.
- Focus on solar, wind, and nuclear energy transition.
Specialized International Organizations
- Limited official participation; active in WHO, ICAO, and others under observer or informal status.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Calligraphy, opera, puppet theatre, indigenous crafts.
- Cultural Festivals: Lunar New Year, Dragon Boat Festival, Lantern Festival, Double Ten Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Tzu Chi Foundation: Global humanitarian aid and disaster relief.
- Cheng Yen Foundation, Taiwan Foundation for Democracy: Civic engagement and social programs.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Taiwan Association for Human Rights (TAHR): Legal advocacy and civil liberties.
- Judicial Reform Foundation: Promotes the rule of law and transparency.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Control Yuan: Constitutional oversight body.
- Agency Against Corruption: Investigates public sector misconduct.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No known active terrorist or insurgent groups.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low; includes theft and fraud.
- Cybercrime: Increasing; addressed with digital security laws.
- Drug Offenses: Controlled through strict regulation.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored and prosecuted under national action plans.
Taiwan is a vibrant democracy with a high-tech economy and progressive social policies. Despite diplomatic challenges, it is critical in regional security, global supply chains, and innovation leadership.
TAJIKISTAN
Country Report: Tajikistan
Summary Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Afghanistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. Covering approximately 143,100 square kilometres, it is mountainous and home to the Pamir and Alay ranges. Tajikistan is a presidential republic with a largely agrarian economy and significant dependence on remittances. Since its independence in 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union, it has pursued development while grappling with economic hardship and regional security issues.
Historically influenced by Persian and Central Asian cultures, Tajikistan was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1929. It declared independence in 1991 but was quickly plunged into a civil war (1992–1997) between government forces and opposition groups. The war ended with a UN-brokered peace agreement. President Emomali Rahmon has ruled since 1994. Despite political stability, governance remains authoritarian, with limited political freedoms.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Tajikistan continues to build its infrastructure and diversify its economy while managing regional security risks and domestic governance issues. Regional connectivity is growing through energy and transport corridors linking Central and South Asia.
Summary Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Afghanistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. Covering approximately 143,100 square kilometres, it is mountainous and home to the Pamir and Alay ranges. Tajikistan is a presidential republic with a largely agrarian economy and significant dependence on remittances. Since its independence in 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union, it has pursued development while grappling with economic hardship and regional security issues.
Historically influenced by Persian and Central Asian cultures, Tajikistan was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1929. It declared independence in 1991 but was quickly plunged into a civil war (1992–1997) between government forces and opposition groups. The war ended with a UN-brokered peace agreement. President Emomali Rahmon has ruled since 1994. Despite political stability, governance remains authoritarian, with limited political freedoms.
Geography
- Location: Central Asia; borders Afghanistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.
- Total Area: Approximately 143,100 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Pamir Mountains, Fergana Valley, Alay Range.
- Climate: Continental; hot summers, cold winters.
- Natural Resources: Hydropower, uranium, gold, silver, aluminium, coal.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Amu Darya, Panj, Vakhsh, Syr Darya; Kayrakum Reservoir.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 10 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Tajik (majority), Uzbek, Russian, Kyrgyz.
- Languages:
- Official: Tajik.
- Other Languages: Russian (used in government and business).
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim (Hanafi school).
- Ismaili Shia: Minority in Gorno-Badakhshan.
- Major Cities:
- Dushanbe: Capital and largest city.
- Khujand, Bokhtar, Kulob: Major urban centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Mountain ecosystems include snow leopards, ibex, and endemic plants.
- Environmental Challenges: Soil erosion, water pollution, glacier retreat, seismic risk.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks biodiversity programs with international support.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan.
- International Partnerships: Member of Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO); Russian military base presence.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member since 2013.
- Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU): Observer.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB), IMF, World Bank: Key development partners.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1992.
- Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Founding member.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Member; emphasis on hydropower.
- CAREC (Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation): Regional energy projects.
Specialized International Organizations
- WHO, UNESCO, FAO, ILO: Active in health, education, agriculture, and labour development.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Carpet weaving, embroidery, music (shashmaqam), ceramics.
- Cultural Festivals: Navruz (New Year), Independence Day, and traditional music festivals.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN): Health, education, rural development.
- Red Crescent Society of Tajikistan: Humanitarian assistance.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Limited domestic space for civil society.
- International groups: Monitor political repression freedom of expression.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Agency for State Financial Control and Anti-Corruption: Monitors corruption.
- State Audit Office: Financial oversight.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU): Previously active in border regions.
- ISIS Affiliates: Sporadic activity was reported near the Afghan border.
- Government Focus: Strong counterterrorism cooperation with Russia and CSTO.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low to moderate; includes theft fraud.
- Drug Trafficking: Major transit route for Afghan narcotics.
- Cybercrime: Emerging issue.
- Human Trafficking: Includes labour and sex trafficking under government monitoring.
Tajikistan continues to build its infrastructure and diversify its economy while managing regional security risks and domestic governance issues. Regional connectivity is growing through energy and transport corridors linking Central and South Asia.
THAILAND
Country Report: Thailand
Summary Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It shares borders with Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia and has coastlines along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. Covering approximately 513,120 square kilometers, Thailand is known for its rich cultural heritage, diverse geography, and dynamic economy. The country is a regional hub for tourism, manufacturing, and agriculture and plays an active role in ASEAN.
History Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is the only Southeast Asian nation to have never been colonized. It transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 1932. The country has experienced numerous military coups and political shifts. The monarchy remains influential, and the current monarch, King Maha Vajiralongkorn, succeeded King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 2016. Political unrest and protests have been recurring themes in recent decades.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Thailand balances traditional monarchy with democratic governance and regional integration. With its diverse economy, cultural influence, and geostrategic location, it plays a key role in ASEAN and broader Asia-Pacific affairs.
Summary Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It shares borders with Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia and has coastlines along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. Covering approximately 513,120 square kilometers, Thailand is known for its rich cultural heritage, diverse geography, and dynamic economy. The country is a regional hub for tourism, manufacturing, and agriculture and plays an active role in ASEAN.
History Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is the only Southeast Asian nation to have never been colonized. It transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 1932. The country has experienced numerous military coups and political shifts. The monarchy remains influential, and the current monarch, King Maha Vajiralongkorn, succeeded King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 2016. Political unrest and protests have been recurring themes in recent decades.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia; borders Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia.
- Total Area: Approximately 513,120 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Central plains, northern mountains, northeastern plateau, southern peninsula.
- Climate: Tropical; monsoon influences with wet and dry seasons.
- Natural Resources: Tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, timber, fish.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Chao Phraya, Mekong River (eastern border), Lake Songkhla.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 70 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Thai (majority), Chinese, Malay, Khmer, hill tribes.
- Languages:
- Official: Thai.
- Other Languages: Isan, Northern Thai, Malay, Khmer, English.
- Religion:
- Buddhism: Predominantly Theravada.
- Islam, Christianity, Hinduism: Minority religions.
- Major Cities:
- Bangkok: Capital and largest city.
- Chiang Mai, Phuket, Pattaya, Khon Kaen: Major regional and tourism centers.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Tropical rainforests, elephants, tigers, marine life.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, air pollution, water management, and climate change.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and reforestation campaigns.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defense Forces: Royal Thai Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force).
- International Partnerships: Major Non-NATO Ally of the U.S.; ASEAN defense cooperation; peacekeeping roles.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Founding member.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Member.
- IMF, World Bank, Asian Development Bank: Economic development partnerships.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1946.
- ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC): Active participant.
- Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Promotes renewable energy.
- Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Participates in energy connectivity and infrastructure.
Specialized International Organizations
- WHO, UNESCO, FAO, ILO: Active in development and regional health and education.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Muay Thai, Thai classical dance, silk weaving, temple architecture.
- Cultural Festivals: Songkran (Thai New Year), Loy Krathong, Royal Ploughing Ceremony.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Thai Red Cross Society: Humanitarian and health services.
- Rajanukul Foundation, Duang Prateep Foundation: Social welfare and education.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Thai Lawyers for Human Rights, iLaw: Legal and civil rights advocacy.
- International monitoring: Focus on freedom of speech, assembly, and press.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC): Investigates corruption.
- Office of the Auditor General: Ensures fiscal transparency.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Southern Insurgency: Malay-Muslim separatist groups active in southern provinces.
- Security Focus: Counterinsurgency in border regions and counterterrorism cooperation.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Moderate; includes theft, scams, and tourist-targeted fraud.
- Drug Offenses: Significant methamphetamine trafficking and use.
- Cybercrime: Increasing; addressed through updated legislation.
- Human Trafficking: Ongoing concern; government actively prosecuting offenders.
Thailand balances traditional monarchy with democratic governance and regional integration. With its diverse economy, cultural influence, and geostrategic location, it plays a key role in ASEAN and broader Asia-Pacific affairs.
TURKEY
Country Report: Turkey
Summary: Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a transcontinental country straddling southeastern Europe and western Asia. Bordered by eight countries and surrounded by the Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Black Sea, it occupies a strategic geopolitical position. Covering approximately 783,562 square kilometres, Turkey is a presidential republic and a regional power with a diversified economy, rich history, and complex political dynamics. Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who introduced secular and political reforms. Turkey joined NATO in 1952 and has maintained a critical position in global diplomacy. In recent decades, its political system shifted from a parliamentary to a presidential model under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The country has faced domestic unrest, military interventions, and geopolitical tensions with neighbours, especially over Cyprus, Syria, and energy rights.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Turkey remains a pivotal regional actor straddling East and West. With a powerful military, dynamic economy, and central role in migration, energy, and diplomacy, it continues to influence global and regional developments.
Summary: Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a transcontinental country straddling southeastern Europe and western Asia. Bordered by eight countries and surrounded by the Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Black Sea, it occupies a strategic geopolitical position. Covering approximately 783,562 square kilometres, Turkey is a presidential republic and a regional power with a diversified economy, rich history, and complex political dynamics. Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who introduced secular and political reforms. Turkey joined NATO in 1952 and has maintained a critical position in global diplomacy. In recent decades, its political system shifted from a parliamentary to a presidential model under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The country has faced domestic unrest, military interventions, and geopolitical tensions with neighbours, especially over Cyprus, Syria, and energy rights.
Geography
- Location: Southeastern Europe and Western Asia; borders Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan), Iran, Iraq, and Syria.
- Total Area: Approximately 783,562 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Anatolian Plateau, Taurus Mountains, Pontic Mountains, coastal plains.
- Climate: Mediterranean along coasts, continental in the interior.
- Natural Resources: Coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, boron, natural gas.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Tigris, Euphrates, Kızılırmak, Lake Van.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 85 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Turkish (majority), Kurdish, Arab, Circassian, Armenian, Greek, others.
- Languages:
- Official: Turkish.
- Other Languages: Kurdish, Arabic, Laz, Circassian, Armenian.
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim.
- Minorities: Alevis, Christians, Jews.
- Major Cities:
- Ankara: Capital.
- Istanbul: Largest city and economic hub.
- Izmir, Bursa, Antalya, Gaziantep: Major urban centers.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Forests, steppe, coastal and alpine ecosystems.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, water pollution, earthquakes, and air pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks, biodiversity action plans, EU-aligned ecological laws.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Turkish Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie).
- International Partnerships: NATO member; military cooperation with Azerbaijan, Qatar, and other regional allies.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), G20: Active participant.
- EU–Turkey Customs Union: Trade agreement.
- OECD, IMF, World Bank: Financial and development cooperation.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1945.
- NATO: Member since 1952.
- Organization of Turkic States, D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation: Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Energy Agency (IEA): Member.
- Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF): Observer.
- Energy Charter Treaty: Participant.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO, ILO: Full participation.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Ebru (marbling), ceramics, Turkish music, Ottoman architecture.
- Cultural Festivals: Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, Hıdırellez, International Istanbul Film Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Turkish Red Crescent (Kızılay): Humanitarian aid.
- TIKA (Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency): Development assistance abroad.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Human Rights Association (IHD), Amnesty International Turkey: Monitor civil liberties.
- Concerns: Press freedom, political arrests, judicial independence.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Court of Accounts (Sayıştay): Public financial oversight.
- Presidency of State Inspection Board: Investigates administrative practices.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party): Active in the southeast.
- ISIS and other Islamist militants: Targeted in anti-terror operations.
- Security Focus: Border control, counterterrorism in Syria and Iraq.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Moderate; includes theft and scams, especially in tourist areas.
- Organized Crime: This includes drug trafficking and human smuggling.
- Cybercrime: Increasing with digital expansion.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored; includes transit and destination activity.
Turkey remains a pivotal regional actor straddling East and West. With a powerful military, dynamic economy, and central role in migration, energy, and diplomacy, it continues to influence global and regional developments.
TURKMENISTAN
Country Report: Turkmenistan
Summary Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Caspian Sea. It covers approximately 488,100 square kilometres and is characterized by arid desert landscapes and significant natural gas reserves. Turkmenistan is an authoritarian state with a centralized government and limited political freedoms. Its economy is heavily reliant on hydrocarbons, particularly natural gas exports.
Historically part of the Silk Road, Turkmenistan has been influenced by various empires, including Persian, Arab, Mongol, and Russian. It became part of the Soviet Union in 1924 and gained independence in 1991. Saparmurat Niyazov ruled until he died in 2006, creating a personality cult. His successor, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, continued strongman rule with some reforms. His son, Serdar Berdimuhamedow, became president in 2022. The country maintains neutrality in international affairs.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Turkmenistan maintains strict political control while leveraging its energy resources for economic stability. Despite its neutrality, the country plays a strategic role in Central Asian energy transit and regional security.
Summary Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Caspian Sea. It covers approximately 488,100 square kilometres and is characterized by arid desert landscapes and significant natural gas reserves. Turkmenistan is an authoritarian state with a centralized government and limited political freedoms. Its economy is heavily reliant on hydrocarbons, particularly natural gas exports.
Historically part of the Silk Road, Turkmenistan has been influenced by various empires, including Persian, Arab, Mongol, and Russian. It became part of the Soviet Union in 1924 and gained independence in 1991. Saparmurat Niyazov ruled until he died in 2006, creating a personality cult. His successor, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, continued strongman rule with some reforms. His son, Serdar Berdimuhamedow, became president in 2022. The country maintains neutrality in international affairs.
Geography
- Location: Central Asia; borders Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Caspian Sea.
- Total Area: Approximately 488,100 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Karakum Desert, Kopet Dag Mountains, Garabogazköl Aylagy lagoon.
- Climate: Arid continental; hot summers, cold winters.
- Natural Resources: Natural gas, oil, sulfur, salt.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Amu Darya River, Garabogazköl Lagoon.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 6.2 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Turkmen (majority), Uzbek, Russian, Kazakh, Armenian.
- Languages:
- Official: Turkmen.
- Other Languages: Russian, Uzbek.
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim.
- Eastern Orthodox Christianity: Minority faith.
- Major Cities:
- Ashgabat: Capital and largest city.
- Turkmenabat, Mary, Dashoguz, Balkanabat: Regional urban centres.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Desert and steppe ecosystems; native species include gazelles and monitor lizards.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, salinization, pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: Limited; includes nature reserves and protected desert areas.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Armed Forces of Turkmenistan (Army, Navy, Air Force, Border Troops).
- International Partnerships: Official policy of neutrality; limited military cooperation with Russia and regional actors.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Observer.
- Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO): Member.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB), IMF, World Bank: Development partnerships.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1992.
- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Associate member.
- Organization of Turkic States, Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF): Member.
- International Energy Charter: Participates in energy policy dialogue.
Specialized International Organizations
- WHO, UNESCO, FAO: Active in education, health, and agriculture.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Carpet weaving, music (dutar), silverwork, embroidery.
- Cultural Festivals: National Horse Day, Independence Day, Nowruz.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Government-directed charities dominate limited independent foundations.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- No independent domestic organizations are permitted.
- International concern over freedom of speech, press, and association.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- State Security Council and General Prosecutor's Office: Oversee law enforcement.
- Anti-corruption efforts are government-controlled and opaque.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No major domestic threats; firm internal control.
- Border Security: Heightened focus due to proximity to Afghanistan.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Low due to strict enforcement.
- Drug Trafficking: Transit country for Afghan narcotics.
- Cybercrime: Limited but growing.
- Human Trafficking: Issues include forced labor and restricted worker rights.
Turkmenistan maintains strict political control while leveraging its energy resources for economic stability. Despite its neutrality, the country plays a strategic role in Central Asian energy transit and regional security.
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Country Report: United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Summary The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the southeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, bordering Saudi Arabia and Oman and with a coastline along the Persian Gulf. The UAE covers approximately 83,600 square kilometres and is a regional economic and transportation hub known for its rapid development, oil wealth, and global investment reach. It is a constitutional federation with a strong executive presidency and a highly diversified economy.
History The area that is now the UAE was historically inhabited by tribal confederations and later became part of the Trucial States under British protection. The UAE was formed in 1971 after the British withdrawal from the Gulf. The discovery of oil in the 20th century transformed the emirates from desert communities into modern, global cities. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the founding president. The UAE is known for its stability, development, and foreign policy activism.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
The UAE is a regional power with global economic influence, balancing tradition and modernization. Its leadership in trade, diplomacy, and innovation positions it as a key player in Middle Eastern and international affairs.
Summary The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the southeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, bordering Saudi Arabia and Oman and with a coastline along the Persian Gulf. The UAE covers approximately 83,600 square kilometres and is a regional economic and transportation hub known for its rapid development, oil wealth, and global investment reach. It is a constitutional federation with a strong executive presidency and a highly diversified economy.
History The area that is now the UAE was historically inhabited by tribal confederations and later became part of the Trucial States under British protection. The UAE was formed in 1971 after the British withdrawal from the Gulf. The discovery of oil in the 20th century transformed the emirates from desert communities into modern, global cities. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the founding president. The UAE is known for its stability, development, and foreign policy activism.
Geography
- Location: Middle East, Arabian Peninsula; borders Saudi Arabia, Oman, and the Persian Gulf.
- Total Area: Approximately 83,600 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Desert plains, the Hajar Mountains, coastal lagoons, and islands.
- Climate: Arid desert; hot summers, mild winters.
- Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, fish, dates.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: No permanent rivers; relies on aquifers and desalination.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 9.9 million (2022 estimate); expatriates comprise over 85%.
- Ethnic Groups: Emirati (minority), South Asian, Arab, Western, and East Asian expatriates.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Other Languages: English (widely spoken), Hindi, Urdu, Tagalog, Farsi.
- Religion:
- Islam: Official religion (majority Sunni, with Shia minority).
- Other faiths: Practiced by expatriates (Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism).
- Major Cities:
- Abu Dhabi: Capital and political centre.
- Dubai: Largest city and economic hub.
- Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah: Other major emirates.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Desert flora and fauna, marine ecosystems, mangroves.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, and air pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: Protected areas, renewable energy projects, sustainable development goals.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: UAE Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force).
- International Partnerships: Close defence ties with the U.S. and France; Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member.
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Member.
- Arab Monetary Fund, IMF, World Bank: Financial cooperation.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1971.
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Founding member.
- Arab League, Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- OPEC: Active oil exporter.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Headquarters in Abu Dhabi.
- Clean Energy Ministerial: Supports renewable transition.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO, ILO: Active cooperation.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Falconry, camel racing, dhow building, calligraphy.
- Cultural Festivals: National Day, Dubai Shopping Festival, Sharjah Biennial.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Emirates Red Crescent: Humanitarian aid.
- Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation, Zayed Charitable Foundation: Education, development, and relief.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- State-controlled human rights entities and international NGOs report on freedom of speech and labour rights restrictions.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- State Audit Institution, Anti-Corruption Directorate: Monitor the public sector.
- Government Excellence Program: Promotes accountability and transparency.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No known domestic terrorist groups.
- Security Focus: Regional counterterrorism; active in Yemen conflict and anti-extremism campaigns.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Very low; strict enforcement.
- Cybercrime: Increasing; includes online fraud and hacking.
- Drug Offenses: Severe penalties, including imprisonment and deportation.
- Human Trafficking: Monitored labour sponsorship (kafala) system reforms.
The UAE is a regional power with global economic influence, balancing tradition and modernization. Its leadership in trade, diplomacy, and innovation positions it as a key player in Middle Eastern and international affairs.
UZBEKISTAN
Country Report: Uzbekistan
Summary Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan. It covers approximately 447,400 square kilometres and is one of the most populous countries in the region. Uzbekistan has a presidential republic government, a rapidly reforming economy, and a rich cultural heritage that is a key part of the ancient Silk Road.
Uzbekistan’s territory has been inhabited since ancient times and was part of several prominent empires, including those of Alexander the Great, the Samanids, and the Timurids. Following the Russian conquest in the 19th century, it became part of the Soviet Union until independence in 1991. Under its first president, Islam Karimov, the country maintained authoritarian rule until he died in 2016. His successor, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, has since introduced political and economic reforms aimed at modernization and international integration.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Uzbekistan is emerging as a regional leader with a reform-minded agenda and renewed engagement with the international community. As it modernizes its economy and institutions, the country seeks to balance development with political stability and regional cooperation.
Summary Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan. It covers approximately 447,400 square kilometres and is one of the most populous countries in the region. Uzbekistan has a presidential republic government, a rapidly reforming economy, and a rich cultural heritage that is a key part of the ancient Silk Road.
Uzbekistan’s territory has been inhabited since ancient times and was part of several prominent empires, including those of Alexander the Great, the Samanids, and the Timurids. Following the Russian conquest in the 19th century, it became part of the Soviet Union until independence in 1991. Under its first president, Islam Karimov, the country maintained authoritarian rule until he died in 2016. His successor, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, has since introduced political and economic reforms aimed at modernization and international integration.
Geography
- Location: Central Asia; borders Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan.
- Total Area: Approximately 447,400 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Kyzylkum Desert, Tien Shan Mountains, Fergana Valley.
- Climate: Arid continental; hot summers and cold winters.
- Natural Resources: Natural gas, oil, gold, uranium, copper, cotton.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Amu Darya, Syr Darya; Aral Sea (largely desiccated).
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 36 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Uzbek (majority), Russian, Tajik, Kazakh, Karakalpak.
- Languages:
- Official: Uzbek.
- Other Languages: Russian, Tajik, Karakalpak.
- Religion:
- Islam: Predominantly Sunni Muslim.
- Russian Orthodox Christianity: Minority faith.
- Major Cities:
- Tashkent: Capital and largest city.
- Samarkand, Bukhara, Namangan, Andijan: Historical and regional centers.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Steppe and mountain ecosystems; unique desert flora and fauna.
- Environmental Challenges: Aral Sea shrinkage, soil salinization, air and water pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: Aral Sea restoration efforts, nature reserves, and afforestation projects.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Armed Forces of Uzbekistan.
- International Partnerships: Bilateral defence cooperation with Russia, the U.S., and regional actors; former member of CSTO.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Observer (accession process underway).
- Asian Development Bank (ADB), IMF, and World Bank are active development partners.
- Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Regional economic dialogue.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1992.
- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Member.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF): Observer.
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Member; expanding solar and wind projects.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO, ILO: Active health, heritage, and labour development cooperation.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Ceramic art, silk weaving, music (maqom), miniature painting.
- Cultural Festivals: Navruz (New Year), Silk and Spices Festival, Independence Day.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Mehr Nuri Foundation, Oltin Qanot: Support education, social welfare, and community initiatives.
- International NGOs: Limited but growing presence.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- National Human Rights Center of Uzbekistan: Government-affiliated.
- International watchdogs monitor judicial reform, press freedom, and civil liberties.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Anti-Corruption Agency: Established to combat graft.
- Chamber of Accounts: Oversees state expenditures and audits.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Past Threats: The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) is currently fragmented.
- Security Focus: Border control, counterterrorism cooperation.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Moderate; includes theft and fraud.
- Drug Trafficking: Transit country for Afghan narcotics.
- Cybercrime: Increasing attention to digital security.
- Human Trafficking: Labor and sex trafficking addressed through national action plans.
Uzbekistan is emerging as a regional leader with a reform-minded agenda and renewed engagement with the international community. As it modernizes its economy and institutions, the country seeks to balance development with political stability and regional cooperation.
VIETNAM
Country Report: Vietnam
Summary: Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a Southeast Asian country on the Indochinese Peninsula's eastern coast. It shares borders with China, Laos, and Cambodia and has a long coastline along the South China Sea. Covering approximately 331,230 square kilometres, Vietnam has a centralized socialist government led by the Communist Party. Through market reforms and international trade, the country has transformed from a war-torn nation into one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia.
History: Vietnam has a long and complex history shaped by Chinese occupation, French colonialism, and Cold War conflict. It gained independence from France in 1954, leading to the division of North and South Vietnam. The Vietnam War (1955–1975) ended with reunification under communist rule. Since the Đổi Mới economic reforms of 1986, Vietnam has transitioned toward a socialist-oriented market economy, fostering growth and integration with the global economy.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Vietnam has emerged as a fast-growing economy and strategic regional actor. With an ambitious development agenda, active diplomacy, and efforts to balance market growth with political stability, it continues to expand its influence in Southeast Asia and beyond.
Summary: Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a Southeast Asian country on the Indochinese Peninsula's eastern coast. It shares borders with China, Laos, and Cambodia and has a long coastline along the South China Sea. Covering approximately 331,230 square kilometres, Vietnam has a centralized socialist government led by the Communist Party. Through market reforms and international trade, the country has transformed from a war-torn nation into one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia.
History: Vietnam has a long and complex history shaped by Chinese occupation, French colonialism, and Cold War conflict. It gained independence from France in 1954, leading to the division of North and South Vietnam. The Vietnam War (1955–1975) ended with reunification under communist rule. Since the Đổi Mới economic reforms of 1986, Vietnam has transitioned toward a socialist-oriented market economy, fostering growth and integration with the global economy.
Geography
- Location: Southeast Asia; borders China, Laos, Cambodia, and the South China Sea.
- Total Area: Approximately 331,230 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Red River Delta, Annamite Range, Mekong Delta, coastal plains.
- Climate: Tropical in the south; monsoonal in the north.
- Natural Resources: Coal, petroleum, natural gas, timber, hydropower, minerals.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: Mekong River, Red River, Perfume River, Hoan Kiem Lake.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 98 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Kinh (majority), Tay, Thai, Muong, Khmer, Hmong, Chinese, etc.
- Languages:
- Official: Vietnamese.
- Other Languages: Ethnic minority languages; English increasingly taught.
- Religion:
- Buddhism, Catholicism, Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, Protestantism: Major belief systems.
- Folk religions and ancestor worship: Widely practised.
- Major Cities:
- Hanoi: Capital.
- Ho Chi Minh City: Largest city and commercial hub.
- Da Nang, Hai Phong, Can Tho: Key regional cities.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Rich ecosystems with tigers, elephants, gibbons, and marine life.
- Environmental Challenges: Deforestation, air and water pollution, urban congestion.
- Conservation Efforts: National parks, marine protected areas, and reforestation.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Vietnam People’s Army, Navy, Air Force, Border Defense, Coast Guard.
- International Partnerships: Military ties with Russia, India, and the U.S.; regional security cooperation through ASEAN.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Member since 2007.
- ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP): Member.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), IMF, World Bank, ADB: Active participation.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1977.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Member.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Focused on wind, solar, and hydropower.
- ASEAN Centre for Energy: Regional energy collaboration.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNESCO, WHO, FAO, ILO: Development, health, and cultural engagement.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Water puppetry, lacquer painting, calligraphy, folk music.
- Cultural Festivals: Tet (Lunar New Year), Mid-Autumn Festival, Hue Festival.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Vietnam Red Cross Society: Humanitarian response.
- Blue Dragon Children's, East Meets West Foundation: Education and health programs.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Limited domestic advocacy; international organizations monitor freedom of expression, assembly, and press.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Government Inspectorate: Investigates public misconduct.
- Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption: Oversees anti-corruption policies.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Current Status: No known active domestic terrorist groups.
- Security Focus: Cybersecurity, border defence, countering transnational threats.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Moderate in urban areas; includes theft and scams.
- Drug Offenses: Significant; heroin and methamphetamine trafficking and use.
- Cybercrime: Increasing a target of and a source of online fraud and hacking.
- Human Trafficking Includes labour and sex trafficking; the government is active in prevention.
Vietnam has emerged as a fast-growing economy and strategic regional actor. With an ambitious development agenda, active diplomacy, and efforts to balance market growth with political stability, it continues to expand its influence in Southeast Asia and beyond.
YEMEN
Country Report: Yemen
Summary Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country located at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, bordered by Saudi Arabia and Oman and with coastlines along the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Covering approximately 527,970 square kilometres, Yemen has a rich cultural heritage and a historically strategic location for trade. It is currently mired in a prolonged civil conflict that has caused one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises.
Yemen’s history includes ancient civilizations such as the Sabaeans and the Himyarites. It was later part of the Islamic Caliphates, the Ottoman Empire, and British protectorates. North and South Yemen were unified in 1990. Civil unrest escalated into civil war in 2015 when Houthi rebels seized control of Sana’a, prompting a Saudi-led military intervention in support of the internationally recognized government. Ongoing conflict has resulted in widespread displacement, famine, and infrastructure collapse.
Geography
People and Society
Environment
Military and Security Alliances
Economic Organizations
Regional Political Unions
Energy and Resource Organizations
Specialized International Organizations
Religious and Cultural Groups
Philanthropic Foundations
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
Crime Statistics
Yemen remains deeply affected by conflict and humanitarian crises. Efforts toward peace, reconstruction, and economic recovery face significant challenges amid ongoing violence and political fragmentation.
Summary Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country located at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, bordered by Saudi Arabia and Oman and with coastlines along the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Covering approximately 527,970 square kilometres, Yemen has a rich cultural heritage and a historically strategic location for trade. It is currently mired in a prolonged civil conflict that has caused one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises.
Yemen’s history includes ancient civilizations such as the Sabaeans and the Himyarites. It was later part of the Islamic Caliphates, the Ottoman Empire, and British protectorates. North and South Yemen were unified in 1990. Civil unrest escalated into civil war in 2015 when Houthi rebels seized control of Sana’a, prompting a Saudi-led military intervention in support of the internationally recognized government. Ongoing conflict has resulted in widespread displacement, famine, and infrastructure collapse.
Geography
- Location: Southwestern Arabian Peninsula; borders Saudi Arabia Oman; coasts on the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
- Total Area: Approximately 527,970 square kilometers.
- Major Landforms: Tihamah coastal plain, central highlands, Rub’ al Khali desert, Hadhramaut plateau.
- Climate: Mostly desert; temperate in highlands; hot and humid along the coast.
- Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, fish, salt, marble, gold.
- Major Rivers and Lakes: No permanent rivers; wadis (seasonal rivers) are common.
People and Society
- Population: Approximately 30 million (2022 estimate).
- Ethnic Groups: Predominantly Arab.
- Languages:
- Official: Arabic.
- Other Languages: Soqotri and Mahri in specific regions.
- Religion:
- Islam: Majority Sunni and Zaydi Shia Muslims.
- Major Cities:
- Sana’a: Historical capital (under Houthi control).
- Aden: Temporary seat of the internationally recognized government.
- Taiz, Al Hudaydah, Mukalla: Other major cities.
Environment
- Biodiversity: Includes unique island ecosystems (e.g., Socotra) and desert wildlife.
- Environmental Challenges: Water scarcity, desertification, deforestation, air and water pollution.
- Conservation Efforts: Severely limited due to ongoing conflict.
Military and Security Alliances
- Defence Forces: Divided; includes government forces, Houthi forces, and southern separatist groups.
- International Involvement: The Saudi-led coalition supports the government; Iran backs Houthi rebels; UN peace efforts are ongoing.
Economic Organizations
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Observer.
- Arab Monetary Fund, Islamic Development Bank (IsDB): Member.
- World Bank and IMF: Humanitarian and financial support amid conflict.
Regional Political Unions
- United Nations (UN): Member since 1947.
- Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (Observer): Political engagement.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Member.
Energy and Resource Organizations
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Not a member): Past coordination on oil production.
- Limited activity due to conflict and damaged infrastructure.
Specialized International Organizations
- UNICEF, WHO, WFP, FAO: Provide critical humanitarian assistance.
- UNDP: Supports resilience and reconstruction.
Religious and Cultural Groups
- Traditional Arts: Architecture, silverwork, poetry, music.
- Cultural Festivals: Limited by conflict, conventional events in local communities persist.
Philanthropic Foundations
- Yemeni Red Crescent Society: Disaster response and relief.
- International NGOs: Operate under humanitarian access challenges.
Human Rights Advocacy Groups
- Mwatana for Human Rights: Independent documentation of abuses.
- International organizations: Report widespread violations by all conflict parties.
Governance and Anti-Corruption Organizations
- Supreme National Authority for Combating Corruption: Weak and fragmented.
- Oversight is limited due to institutional breakdown.
Active Terrorist or Insurgent Groups
- Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP): Active in southern and eastern areas.
- Islamic State (ISIS): Smaller presence.
- Houthi Movement: Controls much of northern Yemen; designated a terrorist group by some countries.
Crime Statistics
- Petty Crime: Common in urban areas, exacerbated by instability.
- Organized Crime: Includes arms smuggling and fuel trafficking.
- Human Trafficking: Includes forced labour and recruitment of child soldiers.
- Drug Trafficking: Limited but growing due to weak border controls.
Yemen remains deeply affected by conflict and humanitarian crises. Efforts toward peace, reconstruction, and economic recovery face significant challenges amid ongoing violence and political fragmentation.